Occupational Safety and Health Administration

IRON SALTS, SOLUBLE (as Fe)†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	7439-89-6
Formula	varies with compounds
Synonyms	FeSO₄: ferrous sulfate; iron(II) sulfate FeCl₂: ferrous chloride; iron(II) chloride Fe(NO₃)₃: ferric nitrate; iron(III) nitrate Fe(SO₄)₃: ferric sulfate; iron(III) sulfate FeCl₃: ferric chloride; iron(III) chloride

Physical Properties
Physical description	Appearance and odor vary depending upon the specific soluble iron salt.
Boiling point	288°F	Molecular weight	130.2
Freezing point/melting point		Vapor pressure	depends upon the specific compound
Flash point		Vapor density
Specific gravity		Ionization potential
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating		NFPA fire rating
NFPA reactivity rating		NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1522
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	Mixed cellulose ester filter (MCEF) 0.8 micron (37 mm) and filter spacer with Na₂CO₃ impregnated backup pad, in a 3-piece cassette [SKC 225-9001]
Sampling time^*	240-480 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	480-960 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	2 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	ICP
Method reference	OSHA ID-125G (fully validated)
Notes	Results are provided for the presence and amount or concentration of a specific element or elements. The stated identity of the actual sample contents (such as specific form, valence state, or compound) is based on the assumption that the material sampled is as identified by the compliance officer using available documentation of materials and processes. Analysis for this analyte is based on water solubility.
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	1 mg/m³ (Construction and Maritime Industries ONLY)	REL-TWA	1 mg/m³	TLV-TWA	1 mg/m³ [1990]	PEL-TWA	1 mg/m³
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: The OSHA PEL applies to Construction and Maritime Industries only. See 29 CFR 1926.55 Table 1 and 29 CFR 1915.1000 Table Z-Shipyards.		Notes:		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: Not listed		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - See individual compounds

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Iron salts (soluble, as Fe)

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Iron salts, soluble, as Fe. See annual publication for most recent information.
Chu, H.Q., Liu, J.M., Gui, T., Zhao, L., Sun, D.Y., Zhang, J.B., Yi, X.H.: Case of interstitial lung disease possibly induced by exposure to iron dust. Heart Lung. 2012.
Grant, W.M.: Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, p. 526, 1986.
International Labour Office (ILO): Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. 4th edition, Volumes 1-4 1998. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, p. 63, 1998.

Last Updated Date : 06/02/2022

ALUMINUM, METAL (as Al)†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	7429-90-5
Formula	Al
Synonyms	aluminum; aluminum metal; aluminum powder; elemental aluminum

Physical Properties
Physical description	Silvery-white, malleable, ductile, odorless metal.
Boiling point	4221°F	Molecular weight	27.0
Freezing point/melting point	1220°F	Vapor pressure	0 mmHg (approx)
Flash point		Vapor density
Specific gravity	2.70	Ionization potential
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating	0	NFPA fire rating	3
NFPA reactivity rating	1	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	A100 (total); request using analyte code 9135	A110 (resp); request using analyte code 9130
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	Tared low-ash 37 mm PVC filter, 5 microns [SLTC108]	Tared low-ash 37 mm PVC filter, 5 microns, preceded by 10 mm nylon Dorr-Oliver cyclone for respirable samples. [SLTC108]
Sampling time^*	240-480 min	240-480 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	480-960 L	816 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	2 L/min	1.7 L/min ±5%
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	Gravimetric	Gravimetric
Method reference	OSHA PV2121 (partially validated)	OSHA PV2121 (partially validated)
Notes	Samples are first analyzed gravimetrically. If the gravimetric result of a sample yields a concentration below the permissible exposure limit (PEL), the SLTC will report the calculated air concentration from the gravimetric result, qualified as less than or equal to the gravimetric result; no further work on the sample will be performed. If the gravimetric result indicates an air concentration greater than the PEL, the sample will proceed for elemental analysis. Results will be reported from the elemental analysis for the element only; the stated identity of the actual sample contents is based on the assumption that the material sampled is as identified by the compliance officer using available documentation of materials and processes.	Samples are first analyzed gravimetrically. If the gravimetric result of a sample yields a concentration below the permissible exposure limit (PEL), the SLTC will report the calculated air concentration from the gravimetric result, qualified as less than or equal to the gravimetric result; no further work on the sample will be performed. If the gravimetric result indicates an air concentration greater than the PEL, the sample will proceed for elemental analysis. Results will be reported from the elemental analysis for the element only; the stated identity of the actual sample contents is based on the assumption that the material sampled is as identified by the compliance officer using available documentation of materials and processes. The standard applies to the Respirable Fraction. Samples must be collected with a Dorr-Oliver cyclone.
Special requirements	FOR TOTAL DUST SAMPLES, DO NOT USE A CYCLONE!!

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method	Available

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	15 mg/m³ (total dust), 5 mg/m³ (respirable fraction)	REL-TWA	10 mg/m³ (total dust), 5 mg/m³ (respirable fraction)	TLV-TWA		PEL-TWA	10 mg/m³ (total dust), 5 mg/m³ (respirable fraction)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes:		Notes: Visit the ACGIH TLV site for specific data		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: TLV-A4		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Aluminum powder, coated

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Aluminum

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Aluminum Metal and Insoluble Compounds. See annual publication for most recent information.
NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Aluminum (pyro powders and welding fumes, as Al).
ATSDR: Toxicological Profile for Aluminum. September 2008.
Bogdanovic, M. and Bulat, P.: Biliary Function in Workers Occupationally Exposed to Aluminum Dust and Fumes. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 59(2): 135-9, 2008.
NIOSH: Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Welding, Brazing, and Thermal Cutting. 1988.
NIOSH: Recommendations for occupational safety and health - Compendium of policy documents and statements. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 92-100. 1992.
NIOSH: Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123, (1981, January). Provides a table of contents of guidelines for many hazardous chemicals. The files provide technical chemical information, including chemical and physical properties, health effects, exposure limits, and recommendations for medical monitoring, personal protective equipment (PPE), and control procedures.
van Rooy, F.G., Houba, R., Stigter, H., Zaat, V.A., Zengeni, M.M., Rooyackers, J.M., Boers, H.E., Heederik, D.J.: A cross-sectional study of exposures, lung function and respiratory symptoms among aluminium cast-house workers. Occup Environ Med. 68(12): 876-82, 2011.

Last Updated Date : 03/27/2024

SULFOMETURON-METHYL

Chemical Identification
CAS #	74222-97-2
Formula	C₁₅H₁₆N₄O₅S
Synonyms	methyl 2-[[[[[4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl]amino]-carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoate

Physical Properties
Physical description	White solid.
Boiling point		Molecular weight	364.4
Freezing point/melting point	397.4-401°F	Vapor pressure
Flash point		Vapor density
Specific gravity		Ionization potential
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating		NFPA fire rating
NFPA reactivity rating		NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments
Method reference
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA		REL-TWA		TLV-TWA	5 mg/m³ (inhalable fraction and vapor) [1991]	PEL-TWA	3.5 mg/m³
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	NA	Skin notation	NA	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: Not established		Notes: Not established		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: TLV-A4		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Not listed

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Not listed

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Sulfometuron methyl. See annual publication for most recent information.

Last Updated Date : 01/12/2021

METHOXYCHLOR†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	72-43-5
Formula	C₁₆H₁₅Cl₃O₂
Synonyms	p,p'-dimethoxydiphenylftrichloroethane; DMDT; methoxy-DDT; 2,2-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane; 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-methoxyphenyl)ethane

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless to light-yellow crystals with a slight, fruity odor.
Boiling point	decomposes	Molecular weight	345.7
Freezing point/melting point	171°F	Vapor pressure	Very low
Flash point		Vapor density	12
Specific gravity	1.41	Ionization potential
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating		NFPA fire rating
NFPA reactivity rating		NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1646
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	OSHA versatile sampler (OVS-2) - 13 mm XAD-2 tube (270/140 mg) with GFF enclosed [SKC 226-30-16]
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	60 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	1 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-ECD
Method reference	OSHA PV2038 (partially validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method	Limit the amount of bulk submitted to 1 g or 1 mL.

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	15 mg/m³ (total dust)	REL-TWA		TLV-TWA	10 mg/m³ [1992]	PEL-TWA	10 mg/m³
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes: CARCINOGEN (Ca): REDUCE EXPOSURE TO LOWEST FEASIBLE CONCENTRATION. (LOQ 0.07 mg/m³) See Appendix A, NIOSH Potential Occupational Carcinogens.		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	5000 mg/m³
Carcinogenic classifications: IARC-3, NIOSH-Ca, TLV-A4, EPA-D		Notes: Ca
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Methoxyclor

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Methoxyclor

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Methoxychlor. See annual publication for most recent information.

Last Updated Date : 01/05/2021

ENDRIN†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	72-20-8
Formula	C₁₂H₈Cl₆O
Synonyms	1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-endo,endo-5,8-dimethanonaphthalene; hexadrin

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless to tan, crystalline solid with a mild, chemical odor.
Boiling point	245°C (decomposes)	Molecular weight	380.9
Freezing point/melting point	473°F (decomposes)	Vapor pressure	low
Flash point	80°F (commercial product may contain flammable liquid)	Vapor density
Specific gravity	1.7	Ionization potential
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	1.1% (commercial product)	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	7% (commercial product)
NFPA health rating	2	NFPA fire rating	0
NFPA reactivity rating	0	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1017
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	0.8 µm Cellulose ester membrane + Chromosorb 102, (100/50 mg) [SKC 225-5 & SKC 226-107]
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	12-400 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.5-1 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-ECD
Method reference	NIOSH 5519 (fully validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	0.1 mg/m³	REL-TWA	0.1 mg/m³	TLV-TWA	0.1 mg/m³ [1979]	PEL-TWA	0.1 mg/m³
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes:		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	2 mg/m³
Carcinogenic classifications: IARC-3, TLV-A4, EPA-D		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Endrin

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Endrin

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Endrin. See annual publication for most recent information.

Last Updated Date : 01/29/2021

METHYL CHLOROFORM (1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE)†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	71-55-6
Formula	C₂H₃Cl₃
Synonyms	chlorothene; 1,1,1-trichloroethane; 1,1,1-trichloroethane (stabilized)

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless liquid with a sweet, chloroform-like odor.
Boiling point	165°F	Molecular weight	133.4
Freezing point/melting point	-26.5°F	Vapor pressure	100 mmHg
Flash point	>200°F	Vapor density	4.6
Specific gravity	1.31	Ionization potential	11.00 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	7.5%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	12.5%
NFPA health rating	2	NFPA fire rating	1
NFPA reactivity rating	0	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1720
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	CSC tube (100/50 mg) [SKC 226-01]
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	3 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.2 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference	OSHA 14 (fully validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	350 ppm (1900 mg/m³)	REL-TWA		TLV-TWA	350 ppm [1992]	PEL-TWA	350 ppm (1900 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL	450 ppm [1992]	PEL-STEL	450 ppm (2450 mg/m³)
PEL-C		REL-C	350 ppm (1900 mg/m³) [15 minutes]	TLV-C		PEL-C	800 ppm
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes:		Notes: BEI®		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	700 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: IARC-3, TLV-A4, EPA-II		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3: 350 ppm/700 ppm/3500 ppm

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - 1,1,1-Trichloroethane

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Methyl chloroform

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Methyl chloroform. See annual publication for most recent information.
EPA Air Toxics Website: Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technology Transfer Network.
Cohen, C. and Frank, A.L.: Liver disease following occupational exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane: A case study. Am. J. Ind. Med. 26(2):237-241, 1994.
House, R.A., Liss, G.M., Wills, M.C. and Holness, D.L.: Paresthesias and sensory neuropathy due to 1,1,1-trichloroethane. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 38(2): 123-124, 1996.
Pohanish, R.P. (editor): 1,1,1-Trichloroethane. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 2. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 2245-2248.
Tay, P., Pinnagoda, J., Sam, C.T., Ho, S.F., Tan, K.T. and Ong, C.N.: Environmental and biological monitoring of occupational exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Occup. Med. (Lond.) 45(3): 147-150, 1995.

Last Updated Date : 01/05/2021

BENZENE‡

Chemical Identification
CAS #	71-43-2
Formula	C₆H₆
Synonyms	benzine; benzol; cyclohexatriene; phenyl hydride

Physical Properties
Physical description	Highly flammable colorless to light-yellow liquid with a petroleum-like odor.
Boiling point	176.2°F	Molecular weight	78.11
Freezing point/melting point	41.9°F	Vapor pressure	75 mmHg
Flash point	12°F	Vapor density	2.77
Specific gravity	0.88	Ionization potential	9.24 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	1.2%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	8%
NFPA health rating	2	NFPA fire rating	3
NFPA reactivity rating	0	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	0320	0320
Sampling group	OVSG-1
Sampler/Sampling media	CSC tube (100/50 mg) [SKC 226-01]	SKC 575-002 Passive Sampler [SKC 575-002]
Sampling time^*	240 min (15 min STEL)	240 min TWA; 10 min Peak; 15 min STEL (Note: SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers must be exposed for at least 10 min)
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	12 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.05 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*	0.75 L
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*	0.05 L/min
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID	GC-FID
Method reference	OSHA 5000 (fully validated)	OSHA 1005 v.2.1 (fully validated)
Notes		To obtain sampling and analytical error similar to that available with active sampling, knowledge of the atmospheric pressure and temperature are required, and these should be obtained using NIST-traceable devices. If that is not possible, temperature is assumed to be 22.2 °C, and the atmospheric pressure is estimated based on the elevation of the sampling location. When estimates are used in place of traceable measurements the sampling and analytical error associated with passive sampling is substantially increased, and this makes it more difficult to demonstrate over exposures after considering the 95% lower confidence limit.
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device	Detector tube	Detector tube	Detector tube	CMS Chip	CMS Chip
Model/Type	Gastec 121	Matheson-Kitagawa 8014-118SC	Dräger - Benzene 5/b 6728071	Benzene, 0.05-2.5 ppm range; Benzene, 0.2-10 ppm range	Benzene, 0.5-10 ppm range; Benzene, 10-250 ppm range
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)	1-4 strokes, 0.5-120 ppm range, uncertainty 16.4% for 50-20 ppm, 8.2% for 20-60 ppm	Follow mfr instructions, 0.2-100 ppm range	20 strokes, 1-50 ppm range, 25% uncertainty

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	1 ppm	REL-TWA	0.1 ppm	TLV-TWA		PEL-TWA	1 ppm
PEL-STEL	5 ppm	REL-STEL	1 ppm	TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL	5 ppm
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1028, Benzene. See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-2 for any operations or sectors where the exposure limits in 1910.1028 are stayed or otherwise not in effect.		Notes: CARCINOGEN (Ca): REDUCE EXPOSURE TO LOWEST FEASIBLE CONCENTRATION. See Appendix A, NIOSH Potential Occupational Carcinogens.		Notes: Visit the ACGIH TLV site for specific data BEI®		Notes: Also See California Code of Regulations, Title 8, Sec 5218.
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	500 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: EPA-A; K, IARC-1, NIOSH-Ca, NTP-K, OSHA-Ca, TLV-A1		Notes: Ca
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3: 50 ppm/150 ppm/1000 ppm

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Benzene

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Benzene

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Benzene. See annual publication for most recent information.
Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS/ NIOSH Publication No. 81-123, (January 1981).
EPA: Hazard Summary - Benzene.
ATSDR: Toxicological Profile for Benzene. 2007.
ANSI Z37.4, Acceptable Concentrations of Benzene.
Costatini AS, et al. Exposure to benzene and risk of breast cancer among shoe factory workers in Italy. Tumori. 95(1):8-12, January-February 2009.
Ji Z, et al. Comparison of aneuploidies of chromosomes 21, X, and Y in the blood lymphocytes and sperm of workers exposed to benzene. Environ Mol Mutagen. 53(3):218-26, April 2012.
Lupo PJ, et al. Maternal exposure to ambient levels of benzene and neural tube defects among offspring: Texas, 1999-2004. Environ Health Perspect. 119(3):397-402, March 2011.
Marchetti F, et al. Occupational exposure to benzene and chromosomal structural aberrations in the sperm of Chinese men. Environ Health Perspect. 120(2):229-34, February, 2012.
Peplonska B, et al. Occupational exposure to organic solvents and breast cancer in women. Occup Environ Med. 67(11):722-9, November, 2010.
Prochazka M, et al. Occupational exposures and risk of acoustic neuroma. Occup Environ Med. 67(11):766-71, November, 2010.

Last Updated Date : 04/02/2024

Group Sampling Information
Sampling Media	Sampling Time (If there are exceptions they will be in Notes)	TWA Sampling Volume (If there are exceptions they will be in Notes)	TWA Flow Rate (If there are exceptions they will be in Notes)
CSC Tube (100/50 mg sections, 20/40 mesh), [SKC 226-01]	240 min	12 L	0.05 L/min

Analytes Sampling Information
Analytes	IMIS Code	Wipe Sampling
Isobutyl Acetate	1534	No
n-Butyl Acetate	0440	No
sec-Butyl Acetate	0441	No
tert-Butyl Acetate	0442	No
Toluene**	2460	No
Ethyl Benzene	1080	No
Perchloroethylene (Tetrachloroethylene)**	2020	No
Trichloroethylene**	2490	No
Xylene	2590	No
Trimethylbenzene	2505	No
Benzene***	0320	No
Ethyl Acetate****	1040	No
n-Propyl Acetate‡	2180	No
Pentane‡‡	1990	No
Cyclohexane‡‡‡	0810	No
Heptane*	1371	No
n-Hexane‡‡‡‡	1380	No
Nonane*	N807	No
Octane*	1957	No

Notes

Request any (up to three (3)) of these analytes together.

Alternatively request IMIS Code Q115 and SLTC will report any significant amounts of these analytes.

Results for unrequested analytes in this group will be reported if significant amount are found.

Toluene, sec-Butyl Acetate, Benzene and Isobutyl Alcohol all have/are known interferences. Please indicate on the 91A which of these compounds are known to be present.

There is no need to contact SLTC before sampling.

*80 min (4L)

**Peak sampling 1 min (0.05 L) and Ceiling sampling 5 min (0.25 L)

***STEL sampling 15 min (0.75 L)

****120 min (6 L)

‡200 min (10 L)

‡‡45 min (2.25 L)

‡‡‡190 min (9.5 L)

‡‡‡‡98 min (4.9 L)

N-BUTYL ALCOHOL (N-BUTANOL)†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	71-36-3
Formula	C₄H₁₀O
Synonyms	1-butanol, butyl alcohol, 1-hydroxybutane, n-propyl carbinol, butanol

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless liquid with a strong, characteristic, mildly alcoholic odor.
Boiling point	243°F	Molecular weight	74.1
Freezing point/melting point	-129°F	Vapor pressure	15.51 mmHg
Flash point	84°F	Vapor density
Specific gravity	0.81	Ionization potential	10.04 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	1.4%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	11.2%
NFPA health rating	2	NFPA fire rating	3
NFPA reactivity rating	0	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	0460
Sampling group	OVSG-2
Sampler/Sampling media	2 Anasorb 747 sampling tubes (6 mm glass tubes, the front tube contains 400 and the back 200 mg of sorbent) connected in series [SKC 226-82], tube holder [SKC 222-3L-1], Type D cover [SKC 224-29D]
Sampling time^*	240 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	12 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.05 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference	OSHA 5001 (fully validated)
Notes	Separate tubes and seal each after sampling.
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device	Detector tube	Detector tube	Detector tube
Model/Type	Dräger - Alcohol 25/a, 8101631	Gastec 114	Matheson-Kitagawa 8014-189U
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)	10 strokes, approx 50-5000 ppm range, uncertainty approx 41%	3 strokes, 1-150 ppm range, uncertainty 25% for 2.5-30 ppm, 16% for 30-150 ppm	2 or 4 strokes, approx 4-300 ppm range

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	100 ppm (300 mg/m³)	REL-TWA		TLV-TWA		PEL-TWA
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C	50 ppm (150 mg/m³)	TLV-C		PEL-C	50 ppm (150 mg/m³)
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	Y
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes:		Notes: Visit the ACGIH TLV site for specific data		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	1400 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: EPA-D		Notes: 10% of LEL
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - N-Butyl alcohol

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - n-Butyl alcohol

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - n-Butanol. See annual publication for most recent information.
NIOSH: Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for n-Butyl Alcohol. 1992.

Last Updated Date : 04/05/2024

Group Sampling Information
Sampling Media	Sampling Time (If there are exceptions they will be in Notes)	TWA Sampling Volume (If there are exceptions they will be in Notes)	TWA Flow Rate (If there are exceptions they will be in Notes)
2) Anasorb 747 sampling tubes (6 mm glass tubes, the front tube contains 400 and the back 200 mg of sorbent) connected in series [SKC 226-82]	240 min	12 L	0.05 L/min

Analytes Sampling Information
Analytes	IMIS Code	Wipe Sampling
2-Butoxyethanol	0435	No
n-Butyl alcohol	0460	No
sec-Butyl alcohol	0461	No
Ethyl alcohol	1060	No
Isobutyl alcohol	1536	No
Isopropyl alcohol	1560	No
Methyl alcohol*	1660	No
n-Propyl alcohol	2170	No

Notes

Immediately after sampling, separate the two sampling tubes to prevent post-sampling migration.

Request any (up to two (2)) of these analytes together.

Results for unrequested analytes in this group will be reported if significant amounts are found.

There is no need to contact SLTC before sampling.

*If this is your primary analyte of interest, sample for 60 min at 0.05 L/min (3L). If the relative humidity is >50% at 25°C, you can sample for 100 min at 0.05 L/min (5L).

N-PROPYL ALCOHOL (N-PROPANOL)†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	71-23-8
Formula	C₃H₈O
Synonyms	propyl alcohol; 1-propanol; ethyl carbinol

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless liquid with a mild, alcohol-like odor.
Boiling point	207°F	Molecular weight	60.1
Freezing point/melting point	-196°F	Vapor pressure	15 mmHg
Flash point	72°F	Vapor density
Specific gravity	0.81	Ionization potential	10.15 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	2.2%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	13.7%
NFPA health rating	1	NFPA fire rating	3
NFPA reactivity rating	0	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	2170
Sampling group	OVSG-2
Sampler/Sampling media	2 Anasorb 747 sampling tubes (6 mm glass tubes, the front tube contains 400 and the back 200 mg of sorbent) connected in series [SKC 226-82], tube holder [SKC 222-3L-1], Type D cover [SKC 224-29D]
Sampling time^*	240 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	12 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.05 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference	OSHA 5001 (fully validated)
Notes	Separate tubes and seal each after sampling.
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	200 ppm (500 mg/m³)	REL-TWA	200 ppm (500 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA	100 ppm [2006]	PEL-TWA	200 ppm (500 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL	250 ppm (625 mg/m³)	TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL	250 ppm (625 mg/m³)
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	Y
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes:		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	800 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: TLV-A4		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - N-Propanol

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - n-Propyl alcohol

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - n-Propanol. See annual publication for most recent information.
NIOSH: Occupational Health Guideline for Propyl Alcohol. 1978.

Last Updated Date : 06/16/2023

Group Sampling Information
Sampling Media	Sampling Time (If there are exceptions they will be in Notes)	TWA Sampling Volume (If there are exceptions they will be in Notes)	TWA Flow Rate (If there are exceptions they will be in Notes)
2) Anasorb 747 sampling tubes (6 mm glass tubes, the front tube contains 400 and the back 200 mg of sorbent) connected in series [SKC 226-82]	240 min	12 L	0.05 L/min

Analytes Sampling Information
Analytes	IMIS Code	Wipe Sampling
2-Butoxyethanol	0435	No
n-Butyl alcohol	0460	No
sec-Butyl alcohol	0461	No
Ethyl alcohol	1060	No
Isobutyl alcohol	1536	No
Isopropyl alcohol	1560	No
Methyl alcohol*	1660	No
n-Propyl alcohol	2170	No

Notes

Immediately after sampling, separate the two sampling tubes to prevent post-sampling migration.

Request any (up to two (2)) of these analytes together.

Results for unrequested analytes in this group will be reported if significant amounts are found.

There is no need to contact SLTC before sampling.

*If this is your primary analyte of interest, sample for 60 min at 0.05 L/min (3L). If the relative humidity is >50% at 25°C, you can sample for 100 min at 0.05 L/min (5L).

ETHYL 2-CYANOACRYLATE

Chemical Identification
CAS #	7085-85-0
Formula	C₆H₇NO₂
Synonyms	2-cyanoacrylate acid, ethyl ester; ECA; ethyl cyanoacrylate; ethyl ⍺-cyanoacrylate; 2-propenoic acid, 2-cyano, ethyl ester

Physical Properties
Physical description	Clear colorless liquid with irritating, sweet, ester-like odor
Boiling point	54-56°C	Molecular weight	125.14
Freezing point/melting point		Vapor pressure	<2 mmHg at 25°C
Flash point		Vapor density
Specific gravity		Ionization potential
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating		NFPA fire rating
NFPA reactivity rating		NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	E108
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	XAD-7 (80/40 mg sections, 20/60 mesh) coated with 10% phosphoric acid [SKC 226-98]
Sampling time^*	120 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	12 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.1 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	HPLC
Method reference	OSHA 55 (fully validated)
Notes	Samples must be kept at reduced temperature and shipped to lab cold.
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA		REL-TWA		TLV-TWA	0.2 ppm [2017]	PEL-TWA	0.2 ppm (1.02 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL	1 ppm [2017]	PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	NA	Skin notation	NA	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: Not established		Notes: Not established		Notes: dermal sensitization (DSEN), respiratory sensitization (RSEN)		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: Not listed		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Not listed

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Not listed

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Cyanoacrylate, Ethyl [7085-85-0] and Methyl [137-05-3]. See annual publication for most recent information.
NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) Identification Number: UD3330050
Bruze, M., Björkner, B. and Lepoittevin, J.-P.: Occupational contact dermatitis from ethyl cyanoacrylate. Contact Dermatitis 32(3): 156-159, 1995.
Constandt, L., Hecke, E.V., Naeyaert, J.M. and Goossens, A.: Screeing for contact allergy to artificial nails. Contact Dermatitis 52(2): 73-77, 2005.
Gagnaire, F., Marignac, B., Morel, G., Nunge, H. and Grossmann, S.: Sensory irritation due to methyl-2-cyanoacrylate, ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate, isopropyl-2-cyanoacrylate and 2-methoxyethyl-2-cyanoacrylate in mice. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 47(4): 297-304, 2003.
Goodman, M., et al.: Epidemiologic study of pulmonary obstruction in workers occupationally exposed to ethyl and methyl cyanoacrylate. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 59(3): 135-163, 2000.
Paustenbach, D., Burke, M.L., Shum, M. and Kalmes, R.: Airborne concentrations of ethyl and methyl cyanoacrylate in the workplace. AIHAJ 62(1): 70-79, 2001.

Last Updated Date : 12/19/2018

IRON SALTS, SOLUBLE (as Fe)†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

ALUMINUM, METAL (as Al)†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

SULFOMETURON-METHYL

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

METHOXYCHLOR†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

ENDRIN†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

METHYL CHLOROFORM (1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE)†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

BENZENE‡

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

N-BUTYL ALCOHOL (N-BUTANOL)†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

N-PROPYL ALCOHOL (N-PROPANOL)†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

ETHYL 2-CYANOACRYLATE

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References