Occupational Safety and Health Administration

ISOBUTANE

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-28-5
Formula	C₄H₁₀
Synonyms	2-methylpropane

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless gas with a gasoline-like or natural gas odor.
Boiling point	10.8°F	Molecular weight	58.12
Freezing point/melting point	-216.9°F	Vapor pressure	3.1 atm at 70°F
Flash point	-117°F	Vapor density	2.06
Specific gravity	0.557	Ionization potential	10.74 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	1.6%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	8.4%
NFPA health rating	0	NFPA fire rating	4
NFPA reactivity rating	0	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments
Method reference
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device	Detector tube	Detector tube	Detector tube
Model/Type	Gastec 103	Gastec 104	Matheson-Kitagawa 8014-113SB
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)	0.5-3 strokes, approx 0.02-1.7% range, uncertainty 16%	1 stroke, approx 10-3080 ppm range, uncertainty 16%	1 stroke, approx 25-1200 ppm range

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA		REL-TWA	800 ppm (1900 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA		PEL-TWA
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL	1000 ppm [2012]	PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	NA	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	NA
Notes: Not established		Notes:		Notes: (EX) Explosion hazard: the substance is a flammable asphyxiant or excursions above the TLV could approach 10% of the LEL		Notes: Not established
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: Not listed		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Isobutane

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Isobutane

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Butane, isomers. See annual publication for most recent information.
Fuke, C., et al.: A fatal case considered to be due to cardiac arrhythmia associated with butane inhalation. Leg. Med. (Tokyo) 4(2): 134-138, 2002.
Galvin, J.B. and Bond, G.: Isobutane CAS# 75-28-5. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A 58(1-2): 3-22, 1999.
Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Butanes. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 1. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 386-388.
Rohrig, T.P.: Sudden death due to butane inhalation. Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol. 18(3): 299-302, 1997.
Tsukamoto, S., Chiba, S., Muto, T., Ishikawa, T. and Shimamura, M.: Study on the metabolism of volatile hydrocarbons in mice-propane, n-butane, and iso-butane. J. Toxicol. Sci. 10(4): 323-332, 1985.

Last Updated Date : 12/31/2020

BROMOFORM†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-25-2
Formula	CHBr₃
Synonyms	methyl tribromide; tribromomethane

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless to yellow liquid with a chloroform-like odor.
Boiling point	301°F	Molecular weight	252.8
Freezing point/melting point	47°F	Vapor pressure	5 mmHg
Flash point		Vapor density	8.7
Specific gravity	2.89	Ionization potential	10.48 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating		NFPA fire rating
NFPA reactivity rating		NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	0400
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	CSC tube (100/50 mg) [SKC 226-01]
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	10 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.2 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference	NIOSH 1003 (partially validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media	Wipe with charcoal pad, seal in glass vial for shipment. [3M 3500]
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	0.5 ppm (5 mg/m³)	REL-TWA	0.5 ppm (5.2 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA		PEL-TWA	0.5 ppm (5 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	Y
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes:		Notes: Visit the ACGIH TLV site for specific data		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	850 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: EPA-B2, IARC-3, TLV-A3		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Bromoform

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Bromoform

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Bromoform. See annual publication for most recent information.
EPA Air Toxics Website: Bromoform. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technology Transfer Network.
Fantuzzi, G., Righi, E., Predieri, G., Ceppelli, G., Gobba, F. and Aggassotti, G.: Occupational exposure to trihalomethanes in indoor swimming pools. Sci. Total Environ. 264(3): 257-265, 2001.
Kash, T.L., Jenkins, A. and Harrison, N.L.: Molecular volume determines the activity of the halogenated alkane bromoform at wild-type and mutant GABA(A) receptors. Brain Res. 960(1-2): 36-41, 2003.
Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Bromoform. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 1. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 377-379.
Anders, M.W., Stevens, J.L., Sprague, R.W., Shaath, Z. and Ahmed, A.E.: Metabolism of haloforms to carbon monoxide. II. In vivo studies. Drug Metab. Dispos. 6(5): 556-560, 1978.
Xu, X., Mariano, T.M., Laskin, J.D. and Weisel, C.P.: Percutaneous absorption of trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, and haloketones. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 184(1): 19-26, 2002.

Last Updated Date : 04/03/2024

ETHYLENE OXIDE‡

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-21-8
Formula	C₂H₄O
Synonyms	dimethylene oxide; 1,2-epoxyethane; oxirane; ETO

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless gas or liquid (below 51°F) with an ether-like odor.
Boiling point	51°F	Molecular weight	44.1
Freezing point/melting point	-171°F	Vapor pressure	1.46 atm
Flash point	-20°F (liquid)	Vapor density	1.49
Specific gravity	0.82 (liquid at 50°F)	Ionization potential	10.56 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	3.0%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	100%
NFPA health rating	3	NFPA fire rating	4
NFPA reactivity rating	3	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1190
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	HBr coated Anasorb 747 (100/50 mg) [SKC 226-178]
Sampling time^*	240 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	12 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.05 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*	0.75 L
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*	0.05 L/min
Analytical method instruments	GC-ECD
Method reference	OSHA 1010v.2 (fully validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device	Detector tubes	Detector tubes	Detector tube	Detector tube	Detector tube	CMS Chip
Model/Type	Dräger - Ethylene oxide 1/a, 6728961; Ethylene oxide 25/a, 6728241	Gastec 163LL, 163L	Gastec 163	Matheson-Kitagawa 8014-122SC	Matheson-Kitagawa 8014-122SA	Ethylene oxide, 0.4-5 ppm range
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)	1/a: 20 strokes, 1-15 ppm range, uncertainty 32%. 25/a: 30 strokes, 10-500 ppm range, uncertainty 32%	163 LL: 2-4 strokes, 0.5-10 ppm range, uncertainty 25% for 0.1-0.5 ppm, 16% for 1-5 ppm. 163L: 1-4 strokes, 0.1-350 ppm range, uncertainty 25% for 1-20 ppm, 16% for 20-100 ppm	1 stroke, 0.02-3% range, uncertainty 16% for 0.05-1%, 8% for 1-3%	follow mfr instructions, approx 1-15 ppm range	follow mfr instructions, approx 0.01-4% range

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	1 ppm [0.5 ppm Action Level]	REL-TWA	<0.1 ppm (<0.18 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA	1 ppm [1990]	PEL-TWA	1 ppm (2 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL	5 ppm
PEL-C	5 ppm [15 minute excursion limit]	REL-C	5 ppm (9 mg/m³)[10 minutes]	TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1047 Ethylene oxide		Notes: CARCINOGEN (Ca): REDUCE EXPOSURE TO LOWEST FEASIBLE CONCENTRATION. See Appendix A		Notes:		Notes: See also 5220. Ethylene Oxide
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	800 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: IARC-1, NIOSH-Ca, NTP-K, OSHA-Ca, TLV-A2		Notes: Ca
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3: --/50 ppm/500 ppm

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Ethylene oxide

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Ethylene oxide

Literature References

EPA: Hazard Summary - Ethylene Oxide.
ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Ethylene Oxide. See annual publication for most recent information.
Deschamps, D., Rosenberg, N., Soler, P., Maillard, G., Fournier, E., Salson, D. and Gervais, P.: Persistent asthma after accidental exposure to ethylene oxide. Br. J. Ind. Med. 49(7): 523-525, 1992.
Kolman, A., Chovanec, M. and Osterman-Golkar, S.: Genotoxic effects of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and epichlorhydrin in humans: update review (1990-2001). Mutat. Res. 512(2-3): 173-194, 2002.
No authors listed: Ethylene Oxide. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum. 100F, 2010.
Mikoczy, Z., Tinnerberg, H., Bjork, J., and Albin, M.: Cancer incidence and mortality in Swedish sterilant workers exposed to ethylene cxide: Updated cohort study findings 1972-2006. Int J Environ Res Public Health 8(6): 2009-2019, 2011.
NTP: Report on Carcinogens Ethylene Oxide, 2012
NIOSH: Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Ethylene Oxide, Potential Human Carcinogen. 1988.

Last Updated Date : 09/13/2024

CARBON DISULFIDE†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-15-0
Formula	CS₂
Synonyms	carbon bisulfide

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless to faint-yellow liquid with a sweet ether-like odor.
Boiling point	116°F	Molecular weight	76.13
Freezing point/melting point	-169°F	Vapor pressure	297 mmHg
Flash point	-22°F	Vapor density	2.67
Specific gravity	1.26	Ionization potential	10.08 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	1.3%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	50%
NFPA health rating	3	NFPA fire rating	4
NFPA reactivity rating	0	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	0540
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	Solid sorbent tube + Drying tube (coconut shell charcoal, 100 mg/50 mg, and sodium sulfate, 270 mg)
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	2 L - 25 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.01-0.2 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-FPD
Method reference	NIOSH 1600 (fully validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device	Detector tube	Detector tube
Model/Type	Matheson-Kitagawa 8014-141SB	Gastec 13
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)	follow mfr instructions, approx 1-50 ppm range	0.5-4 strokes, 0.3-100 ppm range, uncertainty 16.4% for 2.5-10 ppm, 8.2% for 10-50 ppm

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	20 ppm	REL-TWA	1 ppm (3 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA		PEL-TWA	1 ppm (3 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL	10 ppm (30 mg/m³)	TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL	12 ppm (36 mg/m³)
PEL-C	30 ppm (C), 100 ppm for 30 minutes max (Peak)	REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C	30 ppm
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-2. The OSHA Construction and Maritime Industries PEL is 20 ppm (60 mg/m³) as an 8 hr TWA, but there are no Construction or Maritime Ceiling or Peak values for carbon disulfide. Construction and Maritime regulations include a skin designation. See 29 CFR 1926.55 Table 1 and 29 CFR 1915.1000 Table Z-Shipyards.		Notes:		Notes: Visit the ACGIH TLV site for specific data BEI®		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	500 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: TLV-A4		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3: 1 ppm/50 ppm/500 ppm

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Carbon disulfide

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Carbon disulfide

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Carbon disulfide. See annual publication for most recent information.
Abadin, H. and Liccione, J.J.: Toxicological Profile for Carbon Disulfide (Update). Atlanta: ATSDR/PHS/USDHHS (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996-739-324, 1996.
EPA Air Toxics Website: Carbon disulfide. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technology Transfer Network.
(reduced color discrimination) Vanhoorne, M., De Rouck, A. and Bacquer, D.: Epidemiological study of the systemic ophthalmological effects of carbon disulfide. Arch. Environ. Health 51(3): 181-188, 1996.
Wang, C., Tan, X., Bi, Y., Su, Y., Yan, J., Ma, S., He, J., Braeckman, L., De Bacquer, D., Wang, F. and Vanhoorne, M.: Cross-sectional study of the ophthalmological effects of carbon disulfide in Chinese viscose workers. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 205(5) : 367-372, 2002.
(proposed biomarker) Valentine, W.M., Amarnath, V., Amarnath, K., Erve, J.C., Graham, D.G., Morgan, D.L. and Sills, R.C.: Covalent modification of hemoglobin by carbon disulfide: III. A potential biomarker of effect. Neurotoxicology 19(1): 99-107, 1997.

Last Updated Date : 04/17/2024

FORMAMIDE

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-12-7
Formula	CH₃NO
Synonyms	carbamaldehyde; methanamide

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless, oily liquid with a light ammonia-like odor.
Boiling point	411°F (decomposes)	Molecular weight	45.04
Freezing point/melting point	37°F	Vapor pressure	3 mmHg at 86°F, 760 mmHg at 410.9°F
Flash point	310°F (open-cup)	Vapor density	1.56
Specific gravity	1.13	Ionization potential	10.20 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating	2	NFPA fire rating	1
NFPA reactivity rating	0	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1292
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	Silica gel tube (150/75 mg) [SKC 226-10]
Sampling time^*	100 min TWA; 15 min STEL
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	10 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.1 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*	1.5 L
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*	0.1 L/min
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	20 ppm (30 mg/m³)	REL-TWA	10 ppm (15 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA	10 ppm [1985]	PEL-TWA	10 ppm (18 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL	30 ppm (45 mg/m³)	REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	NA	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y
Notes: Not established		Notes:		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: Not listed		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Formamide

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Formamide

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Formamide. See annual publication for most recent information.

Last Updated Date : 10/28/2024

METHYLENE CHLORIDE (DICHLOROMETHANE)‡

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-09-2
Formula	CH₂Cl₂
Synonyms	dichloromethane; methylene dichloride

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless liquid with a chloroform-like odor.
Boiling point	104°F	Molecular weight	84.9
Freezing point/melting point	-139°F	Vapor pressure	350 mmHg
Flash point		Vapor density	2.93
Specific gravity	1.33	Ionization potential	11.32 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	13%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	23%
NFPA health rating	2	NFPA fire rating	1
NFPA reactivity rating	0	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1730
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	2 Anasorb 747 sampling tubes (6 mm glass tubes, the front tube contains 400 and the back 200 mg of sorbent) connected in series [SKC 226-82], tube holder [SKC 222-3L-1], Type D cover [SKC 224-29D]
Sampling time^*	240 min TWA; 15 min STEL
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	12 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.05 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*	0.75 L
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*	0.05 L/min
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference	OSHA 1025 (fully validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device	CMS Chip
Model/Type	Methylene chloride, 10-200 ppm range
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	25 ppm [12.5 ppm Action Level]	REL-TWA		TLV-TWA	50 ppm [1997]	PEL-TWA	25 ppm (87 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL	125 ppm	REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL	125 ppm (435 mg/m³)
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1052		Notes: CARCINOGEN (Ca): REDUCE EXPOSURE TO LOWEST FEASIBLE CONCENTRATION. See Appendix A, NIOSH Potential Occupational Carcinogens.		Notes: BEI®		Notes: See also Section 5202.
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	2300 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: IARC-2B, NIOSH-Ca, EPA-B2, NTP-R, OSHA-Ca, TLV-A3		Notes: Ca
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3: 300 ppm/750 ppm/4000 ppm

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Dicholoromethane

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Methylene chloride

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Dichloromethane. See annual publication for most recent information.
ATSDR: Toxicological Profile for Methylene Chloride. September 2000.
ATSDR: Toxicological Profile Addendum - Methylene Chloride. July 2010.
EPA IRIS Methylene Chloride, 2011.
CDC: Fatal exposure to methylene chloride among bathtub refinishers - United States, 2000-2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 61(7):119-22, 2012.
OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Standards, Substance Safety Data Sheet and Technical Guidelines for Methylene Chloride. 1910.1052 App A.
OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Standards, Medical Surveillance for Methylene Chloride. 1910.1052 App B.
NIOSH: Occupational Health Guideline for Methylene Chloride. 1976.
NTP Report on Carcinogens Dichloromethane

Last Updated Date : 01/06/2024

ETHYL MERCAPTAN (ETHANETHIOL)†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-08-1
Formula	C₂H₆S
Synonyms	ethanethiol; ethyl sulfhydrate; mercaptoethane

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless liquid with a strong, skunk-like odor.
Boiling point	93.9°F	Molecular weight	62.1
Freezing point/melting point	-234°F	Vapor pressure	442 mmHg
Flash point	-55°F	Vapor density
Specific gravity	0.826	Ionization potential	9.29 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	2.8%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	18%
NFPA health rating	2	NFPA fire rating	4
NFPA reactivity rating	1	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1220
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	10-150 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.1-0.2 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments
Method reference	NIOSH 2542 (partially validated)
Notes	Protect samples from light.
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device	Detector tube	Detector tube	Infrared spectrophotometer	Organic vapor analyzer
Model/Type	Gastec 72	Matheson-Kitagawa 8014-165SA	Miran 1A & 1B
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)	1-120 ppm range	1-160 ppm range	0.8 ppm@3.3 µm

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA		REL-TWA		TLV-TWA	0.5 ppm [2003]	PEL-TWA	0.5 ppm (1 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C	10 ppm (25 mg/m³)	REL-C	0.5 ppm (1.3 mg/m³) [15 minutes]	TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1		Notes:		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications:		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Ethyl mercaptan

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Ethyl mercaptan

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Ethyl mercaptan. See annual publication for most recent information.

Last Updated Date : 11/30/2018

ACETALDEHYDE†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-07-0
Formula	C₂H₄O
Synonyms	acetic aldehyde; ethanal; ethyl aldehyde

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless liquid or gas (above 69°F) with a pungent, fruity odor.
Boiling point	69°F	Molecular weight	44.1
Freezing point/melting point	-190°F	Vapor pressure	740 mmHg
Flash point	-36°F	Vapor density	1.52
Specific gravity	0.79	Ionization potential	10.22 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	4.0%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	60%
NFPA health rating	2	NFPA fire rating	4
NFPA reactivity rating	2	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	0010
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	XAD-2 tube (450/225 mg) coated with 10% 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine [SKC 226-27]
Sampling time^*	60 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	3 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.05 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*	0.75 L
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*	0.05 L/min
Analytical method instruments	GC-NPD
Method reference	OSHA 68 (fully validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device	Detector tube	Detector tube	Detector tube
Model/Type	Dräger - Acetaldehyde 100/a, 6726665	Matheson-Kitagawa 8014-133SB	Gastec 92
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)	20 strokes, approx 10-1000 ppm range, uncertainty 25%	follow mfr instructions, 1-140 ppm range	1-4 strokes, 2-750 ppm range, uncertainty 16.4% for 10 to 100 ppm, 8.2% for 100 to 300 ppm

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	200 ppm (360 mg/m³)	REL-TWA		TLV-TWA		PEL-TWA
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C	25 ppm (45 mg/m³)
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes: CARCINOGEN (Ca): REDUCE EXPOSURE TO LOWEST FEASIBLE CONCENTRATION (LOQ 18 ppm). See Appendix A and Appendix C - Supplementary		Notes: Visit the ACGIH TLV site for specific data		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	2000 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: TLV-A2, IARC-2B, NIOSH-Ca, NTP-R, EPA-B2		Notes: Ca
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3: 10 ppm/200 ppm/1000 ppm

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Acetaldehyde

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Acetaldehyde

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Acetaldehyde. See annual publication for most recent information.
EPA Air Toxics Website: Acetaldehyde. US Environmental Protection Agency Technology Transfer Network.
Oyama, T., Isse, T., Ogawa, M., Muto, M., Uchiyama, I. and Kawamoto, T.: Susceptibility to inhalation toxicity of acetaldehyde in Aldh2 knockout mice. Front. Biosci. 12: 1927-1934, 2007.
Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Acetaldehyde. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 1. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 23-26.
Prieto, L., Gutierrez, V., Cervera, A. and Linana, J.: Airway obstruction induced by inhaled acetaldehyde in asthma: repeatability relationship to adenosine 5'-monophosphate responsiveness. J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol. 12(2): 91-98, 2002.

Last Updated Date : 03/28/2024

ACETONITRILE†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-05-8
Formula	CH₃CN
Synonyms	cyanomethane; ethyl nitrile; methyl cyanide; ACN

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless liquid with an aromatic odor.
Boiling point	179°F	Molecular weight	41.1
Freezing point/melting point	-49°F	Vapor pressure	73 mmHg
Flash point	42°F (open cup)	Vapor density	1.42
Specific gravity	0.787	Ionization potential	12.20 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	3.0%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	16%
NFPA health rating	2	NFPA fire rating	3
NFPA reactivity rating	0	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	0060
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	CSC tube (400/200 mg) [SKC 226-09]
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	1-25 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.01-0.2 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference	NIOSH 1606 (fully validated)
Notes	Keep samples refrigerated when not in transit. Ship samples overnight with cold-packs as soon as possible.
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	40 ppm (70 mg/m³)	REL-TWA	20 ppm (34 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA		PEL-TWA	40 ppm (70 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL	60 ppm (105 mg/m³)
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes:		Notes: Visit the ACGIH TLV site for specific data		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	500 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: TLV-A4, EPA-CBD; D		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Acetonitrile

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Acetonitrile

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Acetonitrile. See annual publication for most recent information.
Cohrssen, B. Cyanides and nitriles. In Patty's Toxicology, 5^th Ed., Vol. 4, Bingham, E., Cohrssen, B., Powell, C.H., eds., New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 1406-1410, 2001.
Robles, H. Acetonitrile. In Encyclopedia of Toxicology, Vol. 1, Wexler, P., ed. New York: Academic Press, pp. 16-17, 1998.
Sitting, M. Acetonitrile. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Vol. 1, pp. 28-30, 1991.

Last Updated Date : 03/25/2024

ETHYLAMINE†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-04-7
Formula	C₂H₇N
Synonyms	aminoethane; ethylamine (anhydrous); monoethylamine

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless gas or water-white liquid (below 62°F) with an ammonia-like odor.
Boiling point	62°F	Molecular weight	45.1
Freezing point/melting point	-114°F	Vapor pressure	874 mmHg
Flash point	1°F	Vapor density	1.61
Specific gravity	0.69 (liquid)	Ionization potential	8.86 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	3.5%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	14%
NFPA health rating	3	NFPA fire rating	4
NFPA reactivity rating	0	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1070
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	10 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.2 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments
Method reference	OSHA 36 (fully validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device	Infrared spectrophotometer
Model/Type	Miran 1A & 1B
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)	1.4 ppm@3.4 µm

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	10 ppm (18 mg/m³)	REL-TWA	10 ppm (18 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA	5 ppm [2012]	PEL-TWA	5 ppm (9.2 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL	15 ppm [2012]	PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes:		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: Not listed		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Ethylamine

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Ethylamine

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Ethylamine. See annual publication for most recent information.

Last Updated Date : 01/29/2021

ISOBUTANE

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

BROMOFORM†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

ETHYLENE OXIDE‡

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

CARBON DISULFIDE†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

FORMAMIDE

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

METHYLENE CHLORIDE (DICHLOROMETHANE)‡

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

ETHYL MERCAPTAN (ETHANETHIOL)†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

ACETALDEHYDE†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

ACETONITRILE†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

ETHYLAMINE†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References