Occupational Safety and Health Administration

NITROMETHANE†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-52-5
Formula	CH₃NO₂
Synonyms	nitrocarbol

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless, oily liquid with a disagreeable odor.
Boiling point	214°F	Molecular weight	61.04
Freezing point/melting point	-20°F	Vapor pressure	28 mmHg
Flash point	95°F	Vapor density	2.11
Specific gravity	1.139	Ionization potential	11.08 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	7.3%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating	2	NFPA fire rating	3
NFPA reactivity rating	4	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1920
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	Chromosorb® 106 (600/300 mg) [SKC 226-111A]
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	1.2-3 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.05 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC
Method reference	NIOSH 2527 (fully validated)
Notes	Separate front and back sorbent sections
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	100 ppm (250 mg/m³)	REL-TWA		TLV-TWA	20 ppm [1997]	PEL-TWA	2 ppm (5 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes: See Appendix D - Substances with No Established RELs.		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	750 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: TLV-A3, IARC-2B, NTP-R		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Nitromethane

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Nitromethane

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Nitromethane. See annual publication for most recent information.
Page, E.H., Pajeau, A.K., Arnold, T.C., Fincher, A.R. and Goddard, M.J.: Peripheral neuropathy in workers exposed to nitromethane. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40(1): 107-113, 2001.
Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Nitromethane. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 2. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 1721-1722.
Webb, K.G. and Fowler, J.F., Jr.: Occupational allergic dermatitis to nitromethane. Am. J. Contact Dermat. 13(4): 201-202, 2002.

Last Updated Date : 01/13/2023

TRIMETHYLAMINE

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-50-3
Formula	C₃H₉N
Synonyms	N,N-dimethylmethanamine; TMA [Note: May be used in an aqueous solution (typically 25%, 30%, or 40% TMA.]

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless gas with a fishy, amine odor.
Boiling point	37.2°F	Molecular weight	59.11
Freezing point/melting point	-179°F	Vapor pressure	1454 mmHg at 70°F
Flash point		Vapor density	2.09
Specific gravity	0.633 at 68°F	Ionization potential
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	2.0%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	11.6%
NFPA health rating	3	NFPA fire rating	4
NFPA reactivity rating	0	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	T127
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	XAD-7 tube (80/40 mg) coated with phosphoric acid [SKC 226-98]
Sampling time^*	100 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	10 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.1 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference	OSHA PV2060 (partially validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA		REL-TWA	10 ppm (24 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA	5 ppm [2012]	PEL-TWA	5 ppm (12 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL	15 ppm (36 mg/m³)	TLV-STEL	15 ppm [2012]	PEL-STEL	15 ppm (36 mg/m³)
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	NA	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: Not established		Notes:		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: Not listed		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3: 0.1/100 ppm/500 ppm

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Trimethylamine, anhydrous

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Trimethylamine

Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Trimethylamine, aqueous solution.
ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Trimethylamine. See annual publication for most recent information.
Cashman, J.R., et al.: Biochemical and clinical aspects of the human flavin-containing monooxygenase form 3 (FMO3) related to trimethylaminuria. Curr. Drug Metab. 4(2): 151-170, 2003.
Amoore, J.E. and Forrester, L.J.: Specific anosmia to trimethylamine: the fishy primary odor. J. Chem. Ecology 2(1): 49-56, 1976.
Fluhr, J.W., et al.: Additive impairment of the barrier function and irritation by biogenic amines and sodium lauryl sulphate: a controlled in vivo tandem irritation study. Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. 18(2): 88-97, 2005.
Kenyon, S., et al.: The passage of trimethylamine across rat and human skin. Food Chem. Toxicol. 42(10): 1619-1628, 2004.
Mitchell, S.C. and Smith, R.L.: Trimethylamine and odorous sweat. J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 26(4): 415-416, 2003.
Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Trimethylamine. Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 2. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 2275-2277.
Shimizu, M., Cashman, J.R. and Yamazaki, H.: Transient trimethylaminuria related to menstruation. BMC Med. Genet. 8: 2, 2007.

Last Updated Date : 07/13/2021

IODOFORM

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-47-8
Formula	CHI₃
Synonyms	triiodomethane

Physical Properties
Physical description	Yellow to greenish-yellow powder or crystalline solid with a pungent, disagreeable odor.
Boiling point	424°F (sublimes)	Molecular weight	393.73
Freezing point/melting point	246°F	Vapor pressure
Flash point		Vapor density	4.1
Specific gravity	4.008	Ionization potential
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating		NFPA fire rating
NFPA reactivity rating		NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments
Method reference
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA		REL-TWA	0.6 ppm (10 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA	0.001 ppm (inhalable fraction and vapor) [2021]	PEL-TWA	0.6 ppm (10 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	NA	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	N
Notes: Not established		Notes:		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: TLV-A4		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Iodoform

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Iodoform

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Iodoform. See also Notice of Intended Changes. See annual publication for most recent information.

Last Updated Date : 12/31/2020

CHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-45-6
Formula	CHClF₂
Synonyms	difluorochloromethane; Fluorocarbon-22, Freon22; Genetron22; monochlorodifluoromethane; Refrigerant 22

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless gas with a faint, sweet odor.
Boiling point	-41°F	Molecular weight	86.5
Freezing point/melting point	"-231°F"	Vapor pressure	9.4 atm
Flash point		Vapor density	3.11
Specific gravity	1.41 at -40°F	Ionization potential	12.45 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating		NFPA fire rating
NFPA reactivity rating		NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments
Method reference
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA		REL-TWA	1000 ppm (3500 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA	1000 ppm [1990]	PEL-TWA	1000 ppm (3500 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL	1250 ppm (4375 mg/m³)	TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	NA	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: Not established		Notes:		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: IARC-3, TLV-A4		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Chlorodifluoromethane

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Chlorodifluoromethane

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Chlorodifluoromethane. See annual publication for most recent information.
U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System: Chlorodifluoromethane (CASRN 75-45-6).
Kintz, P., Baccino, E., Tracqui, A. and Mangin, P.: Headspace GC/MS testing for chlorodifluoromethane in two fatal cases. Forensic Sci. Int. 82(2): 171-175, 1996.
Kubota, T. and Miyata, A.: Acute inhalational exposure to chlorodifluoromethane (Freon-22): a report of 43 cases. Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.) 43(4): 305-308, 2005.
Nieuwenhuizen, M.S. and Groeneveld, F.R.: Formation of phosgene during welding activities in an atmosphere containing chlorinated hydrocarbons. AIHAJ 61(4): 539-543, 2000.
Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Chlorodifluoromethane. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 1. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 565-567.
Woollen, B. H., et al.: Human inhalation pharmacokinetics of chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC22). Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 64(5): 383-387, 1992.

Last Updated Date : 01/31/2018

PHOSGENE (CARBONYL CHLORIDE)†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-44-5
Formula	CCl₂O
Synonyms	carbon oxychloride; carbonyl chloride; carbonyl dichloride; chloroformyl chloride

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless gas with a suffocating odor like musty hay.
Boiling point	47°F	Molecular weight	98.9
Freezing point/melting point	-180°F	Vapor pressure	1.6 atm
Flash point		Vapor density	3.48
Specific gravity	1.43 (liquid at 32°F)	Ionization potential	11.55 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating	4	NFPA fire rating	0
NFPA reactivity rating	1	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	2070
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	XAD-2 tube (150/75 mg) coated with 10% 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine [SKC 226-117]
Sampling time^*	240 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	240 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	1 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*	15 L
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*	1 L/min
Analytical method instruments	GC-NPD
Method reference	OSHA 61 (fully validated)
Notes	When relative humidity at sampling site is low, reduce maximum sample size to 120 Liters and sampling rate to 0.5 L/min.
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device	Detector tube	Detector tube	Detector tube	Detector tube	Detector tube	CMS Chip
Model/Type	Dräger - Phosgene 0.02/a, 8101521	Dräger - Phosgene 0.25/a, CH19401	Dräger - Phosgene 0.25/c, CH28301	Gastec 16	Matheson-Kitagawa 8014-146S	Phosgene, 0.05-2 ppm range
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)	20 or 40 strokes, approx 0.01-1 ppm range, uncertainty 16%	1-33 strokes, approx 0.04-1.5 ppm, uncertainty 32%	5 strokes, approx 0.1-5 ppm range, uncertainty 25%	1-10 strokes, 0.01-20 ppm range, uncertainty 16% for 0.1-1 ppm, 8% for 1-5 ppm	follow mfr instructions, approx 0.1-20 ppm range

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	0.1 ppm (0.4 mg/m³)	REL-TWA	0.1 ppm (0.4 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA		PEL-TWA	0.1 ppm (0.4 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C	0.2 ppm (0.8 mg/m³) [15 minutes]	TLV-C	0.02 ppm [2021]	PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes:		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	2 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: EPA-II		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3: --/0.5 ppm/1.5 ppm

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Phosgene

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Phosgene

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Phosgene. See annual publication for most recent information.

Last Updated Date : 01/29/2021

DICHLOROMONOFLUOROMETHANE†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-43-4
Formula	CHCl₂F
Synonyms	dichlorofluoromethane; fluorodichloromethane; Freon21; Genetron21; Halon112; Refrigerant 21

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless gas with a slight, ether-like odor.
Boiling point	48°F	Molecular weight	102.9
Freezing point/melting point	-211°F	Vapor pressure	1.6 atm at 70°F
Flash point		Vapor density	3.57
Specific gravity	1.48	Ionization potential	12.39 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating		NFPA fire rating
NFPA reactivity rating		NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	0887
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	2 CSC tubes (100/50 mg sections, 20/40 mesh) in series [SKC 226-01]
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	0.25-3L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.05 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference	NIOSH 2516 (fully validated)
Notes	Separate front and backup tubes to avoid migration
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device	Infrared spectrophotometer
Model/Type	Miran 1A & 1B
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)	0.08 ppm@9.4μm

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	1000 ppm (4200 mg/m³)	REL-TWA	10 ppm (40 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA	10 ppm [1977]	PEL-TWA	10 ppm (42 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes:		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	5000 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: Not listed		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Dichlorofluoromethane

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Dichloromonofluoromethane

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Dichlorofluoromethane. See annual publication for most recent information.

Last Updated Date : 01/13/2023

VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-38-7
Formula	C₂H₂F₂
Synonyms	difluoro-1,1-ethylene; 1,1-difluoroethene; 1,1-difluoroethylene; Halocarbon 1132A; VDF; vinylidene difluoride

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless gas with a faint, ethereal odor.
Boiling point	-123°F	Molecular weight	64.04
Freezing point/melting point	-227°F	Vapor pressure	35.2 atm
Flash point		Vapor density	2.21
Specific gravity	0.617 at 75°F	Ionization potential	10.29 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	5.5%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	21.3%
NFPA health rating	1	NFPA fire rating	4
NFPA reactivity rating	2	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments
Method reference
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA		REL-TWA	1 ppm	TLV-TWA	500 ppm [1996]	PEL-TWA	100 ppm (262 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C	5 ppm [15 minutes]	TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	NA	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: Not established		Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1017, Vinyl chloride.		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: IARC-3, TLV-A4		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - 1,1-Difluoroethylene

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Vinylidene fluoride

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Vinylidene fluoride. See annual publication for most recent information.

Last Updated Date : 01/14/2021

VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-35-4
Formula	C₂H₂Cl₂
Synonyms	1,1-DCE; 1,1-eichloroethene; 1,1-eichloroethylene; VDC; vinylidene chloride monomer; vinylidene chloride, inhibited; vinylidene dichloride

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless liquid or gas (above 89°F) with a mild, sweet, chloroform-like odor.
Boiling point	89.1°F	Molecular weight	96.94
Freezing point/melting point	-188.5°F	Vapor pressure	500 mmHg
Flash point	14°F	Vapor density	3.25
Specific gravity	1.21	Ionization potential	10.00 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	6.5%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	15.5%
NFPA health rating	4	NFPA fire rating	4
NFPA reactivity rating	2	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	2583
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	CSC tube (100/50 mg) [SKC 226-01]
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	3 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.2 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference	OSHA 19 (fully validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA		REL-TWA		TLV-TWA	5 ppm [1992]	PEL-TWA	1 ppm (4 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	NA	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: Not established		Notes: CARCINOGEN (Ca): REDUCE EXPOSURE TO LOWEST FEASIBLE CONCENTRATION (LOQ 0.4 ppm). See Appendix A, NIOSH Potential Occupational Carcinogens.		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications: IARC-3, NIOSH-Ca, TLV-A4, EPA-1		Notes: Ca
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3: --/500 ppm/1000 ppm

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Vinylidene chloride, stabilized

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Vinylidene chloride

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Vinylidene chloride. See annual publication for most recent information.
Forkert, P.G.: Mechanisms of 1,1-dichloroethylene-induced cytotoxicity in lung and liver. Drug Metab. Rev. 33(1): 49-80, 2001.
Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Vinylidene Chloride. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 2. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 2329-2331.
Speerschneider, P. and Dekant, W.: Renal tumorigenicity of 1,1-dichloroethene in mice: the role of male-specific expression of cytochrome P450 2E1 in the renal bioactivation of 1,1-dichloroethene. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 130(1): 48-56, 1995.

Last Updated Date : 12/19/2018

1,1-DICHLOROETHANE (ETHYLIDENE CHLORIDE)†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-34-3
Formula	C₂H₄Cl₂
Synonyms	asymmetrical dichloroethane; ethylidene chloride; 1,1-ethylidene dichloride

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless, oily liquid with a chloroform-like odor.
Boiling point	135°F	Molecular weight	99
Freezing point/melting point	-143°F	Vapor pressure	182 mmHg at 68°F
Flash point	22°F	Vapor density	3.44
Specific gravity	1.18	Ionization potential	11.06 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	5.4%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	11.4%
NFPA health rating	1	NFPA fire rating	3
NFPA reactivity rating	0	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1160
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	CSC tube (100/50 mg) [SKC 226-01]
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	10 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.01-0.2 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference	NIOSH 1003 (fully validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	100 ppm (400 mg/m³)	REL-TWA	100 ppm (400 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA	100 ppm [1990]	PEL-TWA	100 ppm (400 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes: See Appendix C, Supplementary Exposure Limits (Chloroethanes).		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	3000 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: TLV-A4, EPA-C		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - 1,1-Dichloroethane

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - 1,1-Dichloroethane

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - 1,1-Dichloroethane. See annual publication for most recent information.
International Chemical Safety Cards (WHO/IPCS/ILO): 1,1-Dichloroethane.
EPA Air Toxics Website: Ethylidene Dichloride (1,1-Dichloroethane). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technology Transfer Network.
Muralidhara, S., Ramanathan, R., Mehta, S.M., Lash, L.H., Acosta, D. and Bruchner, J.V: Acute, subacute, and chronic oral toxicity studies of 1,1-dichloroethane in rats: application to risk evaluation. Toxicol. Sci. 64(1): 135-145, 2001.
Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Dichlorobenzenes. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 1. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 799-804.

Last Updated Date : 12/14/2020

ISOPROPYLAMINE†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	75-31-0
Formula	C₃H₉N
Synonyms	2-aminopropane; IPAM; monoisopropylamine; 2-propylamine; sec-propylamine

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless liquid with an ammonia-like odor.
Boiling point	91°F	Molecular weight	59.1
Freezing point/melting point	-150°F	Vapor pressure	460 mmHg
Flash point	-35°F (open cup)	Vapor density
Specific gravity	0.691	Ionization potential	8.72 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	2%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	10.4%
NFPA health rating	3	NFPA fire rating	4
NFPA reactivity rating	0	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1562
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	XAD-2 tube (80/40) coated with 10% 1-naphthylisothiocyanate (NITC) [SKC 226-30-18]
Sampling time^*	200 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	20 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.1 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	HPLC
Method reference	OSHA PV2126 (partially validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device	Detector tube
Model/Type	Gastec 180
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)	1 stroke, 1-110 ppm range, uncertainty 16.4% for 6-22 ppm, 8.2% for 22-110 ppm

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	5 ppm (12 mg/m³)	REL-TWA		TLV-TWA	5 ppm [1962]	PEL-TWA	5 ppm (12 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL	10 ppm [1962]	PEL-STEL	10 ppm (24 mg/m³)
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes: See Appendix D - Substances with No Established RELs.		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	750 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: Not listed		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Isopropylamine

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Isopropylamine

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Isopropylamine. See annual publication for most recent information.
Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123, (1981, January). Provides a table of contents of guidelines for many hazardous chemicals. The files provide technical chemical information, including chemical and physical properties, health effects, exposure limits, and recommendations for medical monitoring, personal protective equipment (PPE), and control procedures.

Last Updated Date : 12/31/2020

NITROMETHANE†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

TRIMETHYLAMINE

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

IODOFORM

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

CHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

PHOSGENE (CARBONYL CHLORIDE)†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

DICHLOROMONOFLUOROMETHANE†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

1,1-DICHLOROETHANE (ETHYLIDENE CHLORIDE)†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

ISOPROPYLAMINE†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References