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Sampling and Analysis - Data Validation and Interpretation

Data Validation and Interpretation

When an employee is sampled and the results analyzed, the measured exposure will rarely be the same as the true exposure. This variation is due to sampling and analytical errors (SAE's). The total error depends on the combined effects of the contributing errors inherent in sampling, analysis, and pump flow.

Sampling and Analysis - Analysis

Analysis

Published analytical methods address several hundred possible workplace contaminants. However, these methods do not address all chemical hazards. The following references link to resources that provide analysis information on many chemical hazards.

Sampling and Analysis - Sampling

Sampling

Effective and efficient sampling strategies require planning and foresight to ensure the most productive and thorough evaluation of contaminants in the workplace. The following references provide information about chemical sampling.

Survey Protocol

Prior to conducting chemical sampling a survey protocol should be developed. This protocol serves as a guide in performing the survey. The amount of detail necessary will depend on the purpose of the survey and to whom the results will be submitted. At a minimum, the protocol should include the following:

Sampling and Analysis - Standards

Standards

Sampling and analysis hazards are addressed in specific OSHA standards for general industry. This section highlights OSHA standards and documents related to sampling and analysis.

OSHA Standards

Sampling and Analysis - Overview

Overview

1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE

Chemical Identification
CAS #	79-34-5
Formula	C₂H₂Cl₄
Synonyms	acetylene tetrachloride; tetrachloroethane; 1,1-dichloro-2,2-dichloroethane

Physical Properties
Physical description	Colorless to pale yellow liquid with a sweet odor.
Boiling point	295°F	Molecular weight	167.86
Freezing point/melting point	-33°F	Vapor pressure	5 mmHg
Flash point		Vapor density	5.79
Specific gravity	1.595	Ionization potential	11.10 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating		NFPA fire rating
NFPA reactivity rating		NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	2340
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media	solid sorbent tube (petroleum charcoal, 100/50 mg)
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	0.01 - 0.2 L/min
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	3 L @ 5 ppm - 30 L
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference	NIOSH 1019 (partially validated)
Notes
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	5 ppm (35 mg/m³)	REL-TWA	1 ppm (7 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA	1 ppm [1995]	PEL-TWA	1 ppm (7 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y	Skin notation	Y
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes: CARCINOGEN (Ca): REDUCE EXPOSURE TO LOWEST FEASIBLE CONCENTRATION. See Appendix A, NIOSH Potential Occupational Carcinogens.		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	100 ppm [Ca]
Carcinogenic classifications: TLV-A3		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane. 2018.

Last Updated Date : 09/22/2022

ETHYL ALCOHOL (ETHANOL)†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	64-17-5
Formula	C₂H₆O
Synonyms	ethanol; alcohol; ETOH; methyl carbinol; ethyl hydrate; grain alcohol

Physical Properties
Physical description	Clear, colorless liquid with a weak, ethereal, vinous odor.
Boiling point	173°F	Molecular weight	46.1
Freezing point/melting point	-173°F	Vapor pressure	44 mmHg
Flash point	55°F	Vapor density	1.59
Specific gravity	0.79	Ionization potential	10.47 eV
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	3.3%	Upper explosive limit (UEL)	19%
NFPA health rating	2	NFPA fire rating	3
NFPA reactivity rating	0	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	1060
Sampling group	OVSG-2
Sampler/Sampling media	2 Anasorb 747 sampling tubes (6 mm glass tubes, the front tube contains 400 and the back 200 mg of sorbent) connected in series [SKC 226-82], tube holder [SKC 222-3L-1], Type D cover [SKC 224-29D]
Sampling time^*	240 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	12 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	0.05 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	GC-FID
Method reference	OSHA 5001 (fully validated)
Notes	Separate and seal each tube after sampling.
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device	Detector tube	Detector tube	Detector tube	CMS Chip
Model/Type	Dräger - Alcohol 25/a, 8101631	Gastec 112	Matheson-Kitagawa 8014-104SA	Ethanol, 100-2500 ppm range
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)	10 strokes; approx 10-2000 ppm range; uncertainty approx 41%	0.5-2 strokes; 0.004-7.5% range; uncertainty 25% for 0.05-0.5%, 16% for 0.5-2.5%	1 stroke; approx 0.02-5% range

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	1000 ppm (1900 mg/m³)	REL-TWA	1000 ppm (1900 mg/m³)	TLV-TWA		PEL-TWA	1000 ppm (1900 mg/m³)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL	1000 ppm [2008]	PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes:		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	3300 ppm
Carcinogenic classifications: TLV-A3		Notes: 10% of LEL
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3: 1800 ppm/3300 ppm/--

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Ethanol

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Ethyl alcohol

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Ethanol. 2017.
Irvine, L.F.H.: Relevance to the developmental toxicity of ethanol in the occupational setting - a review. J. Appl. Toxicol. 23(5): 289-299, 2003.
NIOSH: Recommendations for Occupational Safety and Health - Compendium of Policy Documents and Statements. Cincinnati, OH: NIOSH Publication No. 92-100. 1992.

Last Updated Date : 06/14/2023

Group Sampling Information
Sampling Media	Sampling Time (If there are exceptions they will be in Notes)	TWA Sampling Volume (If there are exceptions they will be in Notes)	TWA Flow Rate (If there are exceptions they will be in Notes)
2) Anasorb 747 sampling tubes (6 mm glass tubes, the front tube contains 400 and the back 200 mg of sorbent) connected in series [SKC 226-82]	240 min	12 L	0.05 L/min

Analytes Sampling Information
Analytes	IMIS Code	Wipe Sampling
2-Butoxyethanol	0435	No
n-Butyl alcohol	0460	No
sec-Butyl alcohol	0461	No
Ethyl alcohol	1060	No
Isobutyl alcohol	1536	No
Isopropyl alcohol	1560	No
Methyl alcohol*	1660	No
n-Propyl alcohol	2170	No

Notes

Immediately after sampling, separate the two sampling tubes to prevent post-sampling migration.

Request any (up to two (2)) of these analytes together.

Results for unrequested analytes in this group will be reported if significant amounts are found.

There is no need to contact SLTC before sampling.

*If this is your primary analyte of interest, sample for 60 min at 0.05 L/min (3L). If the relative humidity is >50% at 25°C, you can sample for 100 min at 0.05 L/min (5L).

SOLDER/WELDING FUMES

Chemical Identification
CAS #	Varies
Formula
Synonyms

Physical Properties
Physical description
Boiling point		Molecular weight
Freezing point/melting point		Vapor pressure
Flash point		Vapor density
Specific gravity		Ionization potential
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating		NFPA fire rating
NFPA reactivity rating		NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments
Method reference
Notes	Typical metals contained in Solder Fumes, such as lead, can be requested in Metals sampling group 3 - see LEAD with METALSSG-3. Typical metals contained in Welding Fumes, such as lead, can be requested in Metals sampling group 2 - see LEAD with METALSSG-2.
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak	NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling	ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling	CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	REL-TWA	TLV-TWA	PEL-TWA
PEL-STEL	REL-STEL	TLV-STEL	PEL-STEL
PEL-C	REL-C	TLV-C	PEL-C
Skin notation	Skin notation	Skin notation	Skin notation
Notes:	Notes:	Notes:	Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.	IDLH
Carcinogenic classifications:	Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals -

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards -

Literature References

Last Updated Date : 07/06/2023

CADMIUM DUST (as Cd)‡

Chemical Identification
CAS #	7440-43-9 (elemental)
Formula
Synonyms

Physical Properties
Physical description
Boiling point	Molecular weight
Freezing point/melting point	Vapor pressure	0 mmHg (approx)
Flash point	Vapor density
Specific gravity	Ionization potential
Lower explosive limit (LEL)	Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating	NFPA fire rating
NFPA reactivity rating	NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)
Sampling group
Sampler/Sampling media
Sampling time^*
Sampling volume (TWA)^*
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments
Method reference
Notes	see CADMIUM
Special requirements

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media
Bulk Method

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	5 µg/m³ [2.5 µg/m³ Action Level]	REL-TWA		TLV-TWA		PEL-TWA	0.005 mg/m³
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1027 and 29 CFR 1926.1127 (Construction) for additional information. The PELs listed in 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-2 for cadmium fume and cadmium dust apply to any operations or sectors for which the Cadmium standard, CFR 1910.1027, is stayed or otherwise not in effect.		Notes: CARCINOGEN (Ca): REDUCE EXPOSURE TO LOWEST FEASIBLE CONCENTRATION (LOQ 0.1 mg/m³). See Appendix A, NIOSH Potential Occupational Carcinogens		Notes: Visit the ACGIH TLV site for specific data BEI®		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	9 mg/m³
Carcinogenic classifications: IARC-1, NIOSH-Ca, NTP-K, OSHA-Ca, TLV-A2, EPA-B1		Notes: Ca
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals -

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards -

Literature References

Last Updated Date : 04/08/2024

COPPER, FUME (as Cu)†

Chemical Identification
CAS #	7440-50-8 (copper); 1317-38-0 (copper oxide)
Formula	Cu
Synonyms	copper metal dusts; copper metal fume; black copper oxide fume; copper monoxide fume; copper(II) oxide fume; cupric oxide fume

Physical Properties
Physical description	Reddish, lustrous, malleable, odorless solid.
Boiling point	4703°F	Molecular weight	63.5
Freezing point/melting point	1981°F	Vapor pressure	0 mmHg (approx)
Flash point		Vapor density
Specific gravity	8.94	Ionization potential
Lower explosive limit (LEL)		Upper explosive limit (UEL)
NFPA health rating		NFPA fire rating
NFPA reactivity rating		NFPA special instruction
Vapor hazard ratio (VHR)
Historical exceedance percentage
Target organs

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA
Analyte code (IMIS no.)	0731	See 0730
Sampling group	METALSSG-2	METALSSG-3
Sampler/Sampling media	Pre-assembled cassette with mixed cellulose ester filter (MCEF) 0.8 micron (25 or 37 mm) [MAWP025A0 or MAWP037A0]	Mixed cellulose ester filter (MCEF) 0.8 micron (37 mm) and filter spacer with Na₂CO₃ impregnated backup pad, in a 3-piece cassette [SKC 225-9001]
Sampling time^*	240-480 min	240-480 min
Sampling volume (TWA)^*	480-960 L	480-960 L
Sampling flow rate (TWA)^*	2 L/min	2 L/min
Sampling volume (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Sampling flow rate (STEL/Peak/C)^*
Analytical method instruments	ICP	ICP-MS
Method reference	OSHA ID-125G (fully validated)	OSHA ID-206 (fully validated)
Notes	Results are provided for the presence and amount or concentration of a specific element or elements. The stated identity of the actual sample contents (such as a specific form or compound) is based on the assumption that the material sampled is as identified by the compliance officer using available documentation of materials and processes. The physical form of a sample (dust, mist, or fume) is identified by the compliance officer using available documentation of materials and processes. Smaller filters recommended for sampling inside welding hoods.	Results are provided for the presence and amount or concentration of a specific element or elements. The stated identity of the actual sample contents (such as a specific form or compound) is based on the assumption that the material sampled is as identified by the compliance officer using available documentation of materials and processes. The physical form of a sample (dust, mist, or fume) is identified by the compliance officer using available documentation of materials and processes.
Special requirements	For the entire suite of analytes listed in METALSSG-2, request analyte code 2587.	For the entire suite of analytes listed in METALSSG-3, which may be found during soldering and brazing operations, request analyte code S131.

^* All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details.

Bulk/Wipe Method
Wipe Sampler/Sampling media	See sampling group information for media.
Bulk Method	Available

On-Site Screening Techniques
Device
Model/Type
Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions)

**Exposure Limits**
OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak		NIOSH REL Up to 10-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		ACGIH TLV© 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling		CAL/OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL (C) Ceiling Peak
PEL-TWA	0.1 mg/m³ (fume)	REL-TWA	0.1 mg/m³ (fume)	TLV-TWA	0.2 mg/m³ (fume) [1990]	PEL-TWA	0.1 mg/m³ (copper metal fume)
PEL-STEL		REL-STEL		TLV-STEL		PEL-STEL
PEL-C		REL-C		TLV-C		PEL-C
Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N	Skin notation	N
Notes: See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.		Notes:		Notes:		Notes:
Health factors: See NIH-NLM PubChem.		IDLH	100 mg/m³
Carcinogenic classifications:		Notes:
AIHA emergency response planning guidelines - ERPG-1/ERPG-2/ERPG-3:

Additional Resources and Literature References

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Copper

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Copper fume (as Cu)

Literature References

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Copper; Fume, as Cu. See annual publication for most recent information.

Last Updated Date : 06/14/2023

Group Sampling Information
Sampling Media	Sampling Time (If there are exceptions they will be in Notes)	TWA Sampling Volume (If there are exceptions they will be in Notes)	TWA Flow Rate (If there are exceptions they will be in Notes)
mixed cellulose ester filter (MCEF)	240-480 min	480-960 L	2 L/min

Analytes Sampling Information
Analytes	IMIS Code	Wipe Sampling	Incompatibilities
Iron*	I200	Yes, with a Ghost Wipe
Vanadium*	V125	Yes, with a Ghost Wipe
Zinc*	Z100	Yes, with a Ghost Wipe
Chromium, Metal & Insoluble salts (as Cr)**	0685	Yes, with a Ghost Wipe	Hexavalent Chromium
Cobalt, Metal, Dust & Fume (as Co)	0720	Yes, with a Ghost Wipe	Tungsten
Copper Dust & Mists (as Cu)	0730	Yes, with a Ghost Wipe
Copper Fume (as Cu)	0731	Yes, with a Ghost Wipe
Iron Oxide Fume	1520	Yes, with a Ghost Wipe
Manganese, Compounds & Fume (as Mn)***	1620	Yes, with a Ghost Wipe
Molybdenum, Dust & Insoluble compounds, (as Mo)	1790	Yes, with a Ghost Wipe
Nickel, Metal, & Insoluble compounds (as Ni)	1840	Yes, with a Ghost Wipe
Vanadium, Respirable Dust & Fume	2571	Yes, with a Ghost Wipe
Zinc Oxide Fume	2610	Contact SLTC for information

Notes

Request any or all of these analytes together. Entire group can be requested with analyte code 2587.

Results for unrequested analytes in this group will be reported if significant amount are found.

There is no need to contact SLTC before sampling.

This analysis can be pre-analyzed gravimetrically if collected on a pre-weighted PVC filter obtained from SLTC.

*These 3 codes are used for bulk sample results in place of their metal oxides.

**Please note that this is NOT hexavalent chromium.

***For Manganese STEL take only a 10-30 L sample.

Group Sampling Information
Sampling Media	Sampling Time (If there are exceptions they will be in Notes)	TWA Sampling Volume (If there are exceptions they will be in Notes)	TWA Flow Rate (If there are exceptions they will be in Notes)
mixed cellulose ester filter (MCEF) 0.8 microns	240-480 min	480-960 L	2 L/min

Analytes Sampling Information
Analytes	IMIS Code	Wipe Sampling
Antimony & Compounds (as Sb)	0230	Whatman smear tab
Cadmium	C141	Whatman smear tab
Copper, Fume (as Cu)	0730	Whatman smear tab
Lead	1591	Whatman smear tab
Silver, Metal & Soluble Compounds (as Ag)	2240	Whatman smear tab
Tin, Inorganic Compounds (except oxides) (as Sn)	2430	Whatman smear tab
Zinc Oxide Fume	2610	Whatman smear tab

Notes

For the entire suite of analytes listed in METALSSG-3, request analyte code S131.

There is no need to contact SLTC before sampling.

Elemental results for all analytes in this group will be reported if significant amounts are found.

Gravimetric pre-analysis may be requested if a sample is collected on a pre-weighted PVC filter obtained from SLTC. In this case, request the relevant gravimetric analyte code along with the other(s).

Sampling and Analysis - Data Validation and Interpretation

Sampling and Analysis - Data Validation and Interpretation

Data Validation and Interpretation

Sampling and Analysis - Analysis

Sampling and Analysis - Analysis

Analysis

Sampling and Analysis - Sampling

Sampling and Analysis - Sampling

Sampling

Survey Protocol

Sampling and Analysis - Standards

Standards

OSHA Standards

Sampling and Analysis - Overview

Sampling and Analysis - Overview

Overview

1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

ETHYL ALCOHOL (ETHANOL)†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

SOLDER/WELDING FUMES

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

CADMIUM DUST (as Cd)‡

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References

COPPER, FUME (as Cu)†

Chemical Identification

Physical Properties

Monitoring Methods Used by OSHA

Bulk/Wipe Method

On-Site Screening Techniques

Exposure Limits

Additional Resources and Literature References