- Publication Date:
- Publication Type:Proposed Rule
- Fed Register #:59:4615-4619
- Standard Number:
- Title:Safety Standards for Scaffolds Used in the Construction Industry.
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
29 CFR Part 1926
[Docket No. S-205B]
RIN 1218-AA40
Safety Standards for Scaffolds Used in the Construction Industry
AGENCY: Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor.
ACTION: Proposed rule; limited reopening of the rulemaking record.
SUMMARY: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is reopening the record for the proposed revision of the regulation of scaffolds used in construction (part 1926, subpart L) (51 FR 42680, November 25, 1986). This reopening solicits additional information regarding written comments which pointed out that the proposed provisions for scaffold access did not explicitly cover scaffold stairways (stair/towers) and which suggested criteria for inclusion in the final rule. Through this notice, the Agency also requests input on suggested regulatory language to address the use of chimney bracket scaffolds and tank builders' scaffolds; incorporates the scaffold-related materials from the record for the proposed general industry standard for walking and working surfaces (part 1910, subpart D) (Docket S-041, 55 FR 13360, April 10, 1990); and incorporates an August 1993 NIOSH report (titled Fatal Injuries to Workers in the United States, 1980-1989: A Decade of Surveillance) on fatal injuries to workers. The new information and evidence received as a result of this action will be used by the Agency in developing its final rule for scaffolds used in the construction industry.
DATES: Written comments on the materials incorporated through the notice of reopening must be postmarked by March 18, 1994.
ADDRESSES: Comments are to be sent to the Docket Office, Docket No. S-205B, U.S. Department of Labor, room N-2625, 200 Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20210.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mr. James F. Foster, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, room N-3647, 200 Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20210. Telephone (202) 219-8148.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. Background
A. Scaffold Stairways
On November 25, 1986, OSHA proposed to revise the scaffold provisions of the construction standards (51 FR 42680). The proposal consolidated and updated the requirements for scaffolds. The Agency received 601 comments on the proposal and several hearing requests. OSHA held informal public hearings regarding proposed subpart L on March 22-23, 1988, with Administrative Law Judge Joel Williams presiding. At the close of the hearings, Judge Williams set posthearing comment periods which ended on May 9, 1988. On August 11, 1989, the Administrative Law Judge certified the hearing record.
Two subpart L commenters (Exs. 2-367 and 2-368) stated:
After a review of the "Access" section [proposed 1926.451(c)], it is noted that a reference to scaffold stair/towers (access units) has been omitted from the proposed revisions. The scaffold stair/towers are the most common and safest method of obtaining access to scaffold units and should be included within this Subpart.
In particular, one commenter (Ex. 2-368) suggested that OSHA insert a new paragraph 1926.451(c)(5) as follows:
Scaffold stair/towers shall:
(i) Have inside and/or outside handrails;
(ii) Have landing platforms at every level, with a 19" (48.3 cm) minimum width;
(iii) Have width of stair unit at a minimum of 19" (48.3 cm) between handrails; and
(iv) Have treads and landings of slip resistant surfaces.
Also, a commenter (Docket S-041, Ex. 3-414) on proposed part 1910 subpart D (Walking and Working Surfaces) stated:
As in the case of guardrails, the stair rails section is based on the use of this product in permanently installed locations in buildings or industrial structures. It does not consider stair rails used in conjunction with scaffold applications.
Scaffold suppliers utilize step units which have been fabricated specifically to be used as access to scaffold platforms. These step units are manufactured with hand rails which are sold as a component of these step units. The OSHA standard should state that these fabricated step units are acceptable for scaffold access. This will eliminate the confusion of the compliance officers in attempting to enforce permanent stair rail standards for scaffold access components.
The standard should also indicate that stair angles listed in the OSHA Standard pertain to permanently installed stairs in structures and are not intended for use in designing temporary scaffold access components.
The failure to address scaffold stairways in proposed subpart L was inadvertent. OSHA is considering including the above-mentioned criteria for scaffold stairways, as well as a definition for that term, in subpart L. OSHA notes that, although two commenters used the term "stair/towers", the Agency is using the term "scaffold stairways" in the belief that it more fully describes the equipment used. OSHA also notes that these stairways are used as part of a scaffold. The Agency solicits public comment in these areas.
The Agency believes that scaffold stairways present a serious fall hazard. OSHA is considering what protection should be required for employees who use such stairs. In particular, the Agency is considering the following issues:
1. Whether the Agency should adopt the provisions suggested by the commenters;
2. Whether the Agency should specify that scaffold stairways must have handrails, stair rails, midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical members or equivalent intermediate structural members;
3. Whether OSHA should set other provisions for scaffold stairways;
4. What criteria OSHA should set for any equipment or procedures that it requires in conjunction with the use of scaffold stairways; and 5. Whether OSHA should allow scaffold stairways which comply with the requirements of subpart L to be used for access to structures other than scaffolds.
6. Whether OSHA should set a maximum and a minimum angle from the horizontal for scaffold stairways covered by subpart L? If yes, what should those angles be? 7. Whether OSHA should require that scaffold stairways have riser heights and tread depths that are uniform within each flight of stairs? If yes, should the maximum variation be 1/4 inch (0.6 cm) as is required in 1926.1052(a)(3)?
In particular, the Agency is seeking input on the extent to which requirements for scaffold stairways covered by subpart L should be consistent with the general provisions for stairways found in existing 1926.1052 or in proposed 1910.25 and 1910.28. For example, 1926.1052(c)(3) requires that stair rail systems installed before March 15, 1991, be no less than 30 inches (76.2 cm) high and that those installed after March 15, 1991 be no less than 36 inches (91.4 cm) high. In addition, proposed 1910.28(c)(2) requires that stair rails and handrails installed before 60 days after the effective date of the final rule be at least 30 inches (76.2 cm) high, that handrails installed subsequently be 30 inches (76.2 cm) to 37 inches (94 cm) high, and that stair rails installed subsequently be at least 36 inches (91.4 cm) high. Also, proposed 1910.28(c) sets requirements for the following: - Finger clearance between handrails ((c)(3)); - Surfacing handrails and stair rail systems to prevent puncture wounds, abrasion injuries or snagging of clothing ((c)(4));
- Limiting the dimensions of openings in a stair rail system to 19 inches (48.3 cm) ((c)(5));
- Handrails to have the shape and dimension necessary to provide a firm handhold ((c)(6)); and
Preventing the ends of stair rail systems from presenting projection hazards ((c)(7)).
In addition, OSHA is considering if the unprotected sides and edges of landings for scaffold stairways covered by subpart L need to be provided with guardrail systems that meet the requirements of proposed subpart L alone, or whether those guardrails must also satisfy the criteria of proposed subpart M (51 FR 42718, November 25, 1986).
B. Chimney Bracket Scaffolds
On March 29, 1993, OSHA (58 FR 16509) reopened the rulemaking record for proposed subpart L for information and comments regarding the fall hazards from work on chimney bracket scaffolds. Such scaffolds are usually used on tall chimneys and similar structures in the course of repairs, demolition and other construction operations. The scaffolds are usually circular because the structures on which they are used (such as some chimneys, stacks and tanks) are usually roughly cylindrical in shape. However, since these scaffolds are also used on structures that have other shapes (e.g., rectangular chimneys), the scaffolds are not always circular.
OSHA expressed concern in the March 29 notice that proposed 1926.451(e) might not adequately address fall hazards on chimney bracket scaffolds and requested responses to 17 questions regarding the use of those scaffolds. On May 26, 1993, the Agency (58 FR 30131) extended the comment period until June 28, 1993.
Based on a comment (Ex. 34-33) received from the National Chimney & Cooling Tower Construction Safety and Health Advisory Committee, OSHA is considering the following language for inclusion in the final rule for subpart L:
(a) Brackets shall be secured in place by at least one wire rope at least 1 1/2 inch (1.3 cm) in diameter.
(b) A turnbuckle at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter shall be used to tension the securing wire rope.
(c) The scaffold, each of its components (except wire ropes) and the supporting structure shall meet the minimum strength requirements of proposed 1926.451(a)(1) [four times the maximum intended load].
(d) Each wire rope shall be capable of supporting, without failure, at least 6 times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to that rope.
(e) Platform units shall be secured to the brackets. (f) Platform units shall extend at least 12 inches (30.5 cm) beyond each bracket.
(g) The span of platform units from bracket to bracket shall not exceed 5 feet (1.52 m) on the outside of the brackets.
(h) Guardrail systems meeting the requirements of 1926.451(e)(4) shall be provided.
(i) The supporting structure shall be inspected by a competent person before scaffold erection begins.
(j) Materials shall not be dropped to the outside of the structure.
(k) The scaffold shall be placed around the structure in only one direction.
(l) A wire rope at least 5/16 inches (0.8 cm) in diameter shall be placed around the structure for employees erecting or dismantling scaffolds so that the wire rope provides a safe anchorage for each affected employee's personal fall arrest system.
In addition, the Agency is considering if it is appropriate to require that employees working on chimney bracket scaffolds be protected from fall hazards both by a "Type I" guardrail, as would be required by proposed 1926.451(e)(4), and by a personal fall arrest system. Also, OSHA is considering what provisions must be made for rescue of employees from chimney bracket scaffolds in the event of scaffold collapse or a medical emergency.
The Agency is also developing criteria for employers who would need to comply with these provisions. For example, OSHA is considering the following issues:
1. How would wire rope or other equipment be placed on a chimney, stack, tank or other structure to provide a safe anchorage point? Would compliance with the pertinent requirements of 1910.66 appendix C be appropriate? 2. Is regulatory language other than that in proposed 1926.451(f), Falling object protection, needed to address the hazards of materials dropping to the outside of a chimney structure;
3. What criteria should a competent person apply when inspecting a supporting structure prior to scaffold erection; and
4. How should employers secure platform units to the brackets so that they do not inadvertently detach?
5. Should OSHA set criteria (such as dimensions and materials used) for brackets used with chimney bracket scaffolds? What should those criteria be?
6. Should OSHA require a positive locking device on the bracket's hook that is placed over the wire rope? Would a positive locking device prevent the unintentional separation of the hook from the wire rope?
7. Should OSHA require that a "shoe" be placed on the bottom of the brackets at the contact point with the structure? Would a "shoe" reduce the possibility of lateral movement of the brackets?
8. Should OSHA require that a proper size thimble be used to connect the turnbuckle to the other end of rope?
9. Should OSHA specify a factor of safety of 4:1 for the horizontal wire ropes used with chimney bracket scaffolds as recommended by the only commenter (Ex. 34-33), or should the factor of safety be set at 6:1 as the Agency specifies elsewhere when wire ropes are used with scaffolds? OSHA is concerned that 4:1 factor of safety might be inadequate given the reduction in strength that occurs when wire rope clips are used as fasteners, and has placed a 6:1 factor of safety in paragraph (d) of the language set forth above for consideration.
10. How would the employer protect the wire ropes used to secure the scaffold and to provide anchorage for personal fall arrest systems from abrasion or other damage due to contact with the structure or scaffold? 11. Should OSHA specify that each platform unit on chimney bracket scaffolds extend at least 12 inches (30.5 cm) over its supports as recommended by the commenter, or at least 6 inches (15.2 cm) unless cleated or otherwise restrained as would be required by proposed 1926.451(b)(6)? The National Chimney & Cooling Tower Construction Safety and Health Advisory Committee (Ex. 34-33) stated that the brackets could be secured to a metal tank by welding rather than by use of a wire rope. OSHA notes that both existing (1926.451(m)) and proposed (1926.452(g)) subpart L regulate a similar type of scaffold, the carpenters' bracket scaffold. In addition, American National Standards Institute (ANSI) consensus standard, ANSI A10.8-1988 (Scaffolding Safety Requirements for Construction and Demolition Operations), already addresses carpenters' bracket scaffolds, but not chimney bracket scaffolds. Accordingly, the Agency is considering if the proposed requirements for carpenters' bracket scaffolds or the pertinent provisions of ANSI A10.8-1988 would provide appropriate guidance for employers using chimney bracket scaffolds when the brackets are secured by welding.
OSHA is concerned that the use of U-bolt wire rope clips as wire rope fasteners on the horizontal support ropes could result in damage to the dead end of a rope. As the rope is lowered, the live end must become longer due the increase in the circumference of the structure. In order to accomplish this, the dead end gradually becomes part of the live end. If the segment of the dead end that has become part of the live end has been damaged by the U-bolt wire rope clips, the ability of the rope to support the loads imposed on it may have been significantly reduced. OSHA is concerned that in this case the rope might fail. OSHA notes that there are other means of fastening wire ropes, such as double-saddle clips, that will not damage the dead end of the rope. Should OSHA prohibit the use of U-bolt wire rope clips on the horizontal support ropes of a chimney bracket scaffold? The Agency solicits comments and suggestions, with supporting information, regarding the criteria needed for safe use of chimney bracket scaffolds.
In addition, OSHA is considering the following term and definition for inclusion in the final rule:
"Chimney bracket scaffold" means a supported scaffold consisting of a platform supported by brackets which are secured in place around the circumference or perimeter of a chimney, stack, tank or other structure by one or more wire ropes placed in an approximately horizontal plane and tensioned by a turnbuckle.
The Agency requests comments on and any suggested changes to the above-mentioned term and definition.
C. Tank Builder's Scaffold
Two commenters (Exs. 34-41 and 34-42) who responded to the March 29, 1993, reopening of the record of subpart L (58 FR 16509) stated that OSHA should address tank builders' scaffolds in the final rule, and noted that on April 4, 1975, the Agency granted users of tank builder's scaffolds a permanent variance (40 FR 15139) from the requirements of existing 1926.451(a)(4) (requiring guardrails and toeboards), (a)(5) (setting criteria for guardrails and toeboards) , and (a)(10) (setting criteria for scaffold planking). OSHA found that compliance with the provisions of the variance would provide employee protection equivalent to that attained through compliance with existing subpart L.
In light of that variance, OSHA is concerned that tank builders' scaffolds may need to be addressed specifically in the final rule. OSHA notes that both existing (1926.451(m)) and proposed (1926.452(g)) subpart L regulate a similar type of scaffold, the carpenters' bracket scaffold. In addition, ANSI A10.8-1988 (Scaffolding Safety Requirements for Construction and Demolition Operations) already addresses carpenters' bracket scaffolds, but not tank builders' scaffolds. Accordingly, the Agency is considering if the proposed requirements for carpenters' bracket scaffolds would provide appropriate guidance for employers using tank builders' scaffolds. OSHA solicits comments and suggestions, with supporting information, on this issue.
Based on the requirements of the above-mentioned permanent variance and proposed subpart L, OSHA is considering the following term and definition for inclusion in the final rule:
"Tank builder's scaffold" means a supported scaffold consisting of a platform supported by brackets welded to the steel plates used to construct a tank.
The April 4, 1975, variance provided for the use of scaffolds in tank-building as follows:
(a) Loose tools and equipment shall be kept in well-designed tool containers. This does not include fit-up bar, key plates, key channels, or long handled maul which may be placed on the scaffold plank during the time they are required for work. The loose tool containers shall be secured to prevent their upset or dislodgement from the scaffold area.
(b) Areas beneath and far enough away from the base of the scaffold to contain anything that falls from above shall be roped off and posted with clearly visible signs stating: "Danger Overhead Work."
(c) A taut wire rope supported on the scaffold brackets shall be installed at the scaffold plank level between the innermost edge of the scaffold platform and the curved plate structure of the tank shell to serve as a safety line in lieu of an inner guardrail assembly. In the event the open space on either side of the rope exceeds 12 inches (30.5 cm), a second wire rope appropriately placed, or guardrails in accordance with [existing] 1926.451(a)(5), shall be installed.
(d) Not more than three employees shall be working on a 10'6" span of scaffold planking at any one time.
(e) The maximum distance between brackets to which scaffolding and guardrail supports are attached shall be 10'6". These brackets shall be welded to the steel plates.
(f) Scaffold planks of rough full-dimensioned 2" (5.1 cm) x 12" (30.5 cm) x 12" (3.66 m) Douglas Fir or Southern Yellow Pine of Select Structural Grade shall be used. Douglas Fir planks shall have a fiber stress of at least 1900 lb/in(2) (130,929 n/cm(2)) and a modulus of elasticity of at least 1,900,000 lb/in(2) (130,929,000 n/cm(2)), while Yellow Pine planks shall have a fiber stress of at least 2500 lb/in(2) (172,275 n/cm(2)) and a modulus of elasticity of at least 2,000,000 lb/in(2) (137,820,000 n/cm(2)).
(g) All planking shall be secured from movement or overlapped in accordance with [existing] 1926.451(a)(12).
(h) Guardrails shall be constructed of taut wire rope, and shall be supported by angle irons attached to brackets welded to the steel plates. These guardrails shall be at least of equivalent strength, stability and height as those required for the 8 foot (2.44 m) span of 2" (5.1 cm) x 4" (10.2 cm) wood rails by [existing] 29 CFR 1926.451(a)(5). Guardrail supports shall be located at no greater than 10'6" (3.20 cm) intervals.
OSHA seeks comments on the requirements of the April 4, 1975, variance and on the following issues:
1. To what extent does the April 4, 1975, variance order adequately address the hazards to which employees are exposed while working from, under, or near scaffolds during tank-building operations?
2. Are the requirements set out in Items (a), (b), (d), (e), (f), (g), and (h) of the April 4, 1975, variance order adequately covered by the general rules found in proposed subpart L.
3. OSHA is concerned that compliance with Item (c) of the April 4, 1975, variance might conflict with proposed paragraph 1926.451(b)(4) which would require that the front edge of platforms be positioned not more than 14 inches (35.6 cm) from the face of the structure worked on, unless Type I guardrails are erected along the open edge or body belt/harness systems are used to protect employees from falling. In particular, OSHA is considering:
(a) To what extent would the taut wire rope placed at the platform level between the innermost edge of the platform and the curved plate structure of the tank provide protection equivalent to that which would be required by proposed 1926.451(b)(4)? (b) Are employees exposed to hazards when a wire rope is used in this fashion? If so, what are those hazards and how can employees be protected from them? (c) Should the maximum space between the platform and the wire rope be 12 inches (30.5 cm) as specified in the variance, or some other distance? Should the maximum space between the wire rope and the curved plate structure of the tank be 12 inches (30.5 cm) as specified in the variance, or some other distance? (d) What is the greatest distance that the brackets can be apart without creating a space greater than 12 inches (30.5 cm)? What is the greatest distance that the brackets can be apart without creating a space greater than 14 inches (35.6 cm)? What, if any, feasibility problems would arise from the selection of one distance or the other? (e) Are there any feasible means, other than installing a taut wire rope, to reduce the space between the scaffold and structure? (f) Should OSHA specify a minimum diameter for the wire rope? If so, what should that diameter be? 4. If OSHA places provisions for tank builder's scaffolds in non-mandatory Appendix A, should those provisions be consistent with the provisions of the April 4, 1975, variance or with the proposed provisions of Appendix A? 5. Are there any hazards associated with use of tank builders' scaffolds that are not addressed by either the April 4, 1975, variance or by proposed subpart L? 6. Are there any provisions of proposed 1926.451 which should not apply to tank builders' scaffolds?
D. NIOSH Study of Construction-related Fatalities.
In August 1993, NIOSH issued a study of construction-related fatalities titled Fatal Injuries to Workers in the United States, 1980-1989: A Decade of Surveillance. The Agency believes, given the passage of time since OSHA gathered information to draft the Preliminary Regulatory Impact Assessment for proposed subpart L, the NIOSH study will help the Agency assess the workplace hazards addressed by subpart L. Therefore, OSHA has decided that this new information should be incorporated into the rulemaking record as Exhibit 40 and that the public should have an opportunity to comment on that information.
E. Incorporation of Docket S-041 (Part 1910, Subpart D) Materials Related to Scaffolds
On April 10, 1990, the Agency proposed to update the requirements for protection of employees on walking and working surfaces (part 1910, subpart D, 55 FR 13360). The proposed general industry requirements for scaffolds were generally consistent with those proposed for construction. Proposed 1910.25, Stairs; 1910.28, Fall Protection Systems; and 1910.30, Scaffolds generated public input which is being considered as OSHA drafts the final rule for scaffolds covered by subpart D. Some of those materials contain relevant information or raise scaffold-related concerns not addressed in the comments on proposed subpart L. The Agency believes that, in developing separate standards for general industry (part 1910) and for the construction industry (part 1926), the substance of those standards should be consistent, where appropriate. Therefore, OSHA has determined that the Agency needs to consider the scaffold-related information generated in the subpart D rulemaking when the Agency drafts the final rule for scaffolds in the construction industry. To this end, the Agency is incorporating the pertinent exhibits from the general industry rulemaking record (Docket S-041) into the record for the part 1926, subpart L rulemaking (Docket S-205B). The incorporated materials will be identified in the subpart L docket as Exhibit 41, with attachments.
II. Public Participation
Comments
Written comments regarding the materials incorporated into the subpart L record through this notice must be postmarked by March 18, 1994. Four copies of these comments must be submitted to the Docket Office, Docket No. S-205B, U.S. Department of Labor, room N-2625, 200 Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20210. (202) 219-7894. All materials submitted will be available for inspection and copying at the above address. Materials previously submitted to the Docket for this rulemaking need not be resubmitted.
III. Authority
This document was prepared under the direction of Joseph A. Dear, Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Labor, 200 Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20210.
It is issued under section 6(b) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (29 U.S.C. 655), and 29 CFR part 1911.
Signed at Washington, DC, this 26th day of January, 1994.
Joseph A.Dear,Assistant Secretary of Labor.
[FR Doc. 94-2136 Filed 1-31-94; 8:45 am]