[Federal Register Volume 77, Number 61 (Thursday, March 29, 2012)][Proposed Rules][Pages 18973-18984]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2012-7510]
=======================================================================
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
29 CFR Parts 1910, 1915, 1917, 1926, and 1928
[Docket Nos. OSHA-2010-0058, OSHA-2010-0059]
RIN 1218-AC51
Reinforced Concrete in Construction, and Preventing Backover
Injuries and Fatalities
AGENCY: Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Labor.
ACTION: Request for information (RFI).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: OSHA is aware of employee safety risks in two areas,
reinforcing operations in concrete work (construction only) and fatal
backovers by vehicles and equipment (all industries), and is requesting
information from the public on these risks. This RFI requests
information that will assist the Agency in determining what steps, if
any, it can take to prevent injuries and fatalities in these two areas.
DATES: Submit comments and other information by June 27, 2012. All
submissions must bear a postmark or provide other evidence of the
submission date.
ADDRESSES: Submit comments and additional materials using any of the
following methods (submissions relating to Reinforced Concrete in
Construction to Docket No. OSHA-2010-0058, and submissions relating to
Preventing Backover Injuries and Fatalities to Docket No. OSHA-2010-
0059):
Electronically. Submit comments and attachments electronically at
http://www.regulations.gov, which is the Federal eRulemaking Portal.
Follow the instructions online for making electronic submissions.
Facsimile. Commenters may fax submissions, including attachments,
that are no longer than 10 pages in length to the OSHA Docket Office at
(202) 693-1648; OSHA does not require hard copies of these documents.
Commenters must submit lengthy attachments that supplement these
documents (e.g., studies, journal articles) to the OSHA Docket Office,
Technical Data Center, Room N-2625, U.S. Department of Labor, 200
Constitution Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20210. These attachments must
clearly identify the commenter's name, date, subject, and docket number
(i.e., for Reinforced Concrete in Construction, OSHA-2010-0058, and for
Preventing Backover Injuries and Fatalities, OSHA-2010-0059) so the
Agency can attach them to the appropriate comments.
Regular mail, express delivery, hand (courier) delivery, or
messenger service. Submit a copy of comments and any additional
material (e.g., studies, journal articles) to the OSHA Docket Office,
Docket No. OSHA-2010-0058 (for Reinforced Concrete in Construction),
Technical Data Center, Room N-2625, U.S. Department of Labor, 200
Constitution Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20210; telephone (202) 693-2350
(TDY number: (877) 889-5627). For submissions relating to Preventing
Backover Injuries and Fatalities, please identify the docket number as
OSHA-2010-0059. Note that security procedures may result in significant
delays in receiving comments and other written materials by regular
mail. Contact the OSHA Docket Office for information about security
procedures concerning delivery of materials by express delivery, hand
delivery, or messenger service. The hours of operation for the OSHA
Docket Office are 8:15 a.m.-4:45 p.m., e.t.
Instructions. All submissions must include the Agency name and the
OSHA docket number for this rulemaking; i.e., for Reinforced Concrete
in Construction, Docket No. OSHA-2010-0058, and for Preventing Backover
Injuries and Fatalities, Docket No. OSHA-2010-0059. The Agency places
all submissions, including any personal information provided, in the
public docket without change; this information will be available online
at http://www.regulations.gov. Therefore, the Agency cautions
commenters about submitting information they do not want made available
to the public, or submitting comments that contain personal information
(either about themselves or others) such as Social Security numbers,
birth dates, and medical data.
Docket. To read or download submissions or other material in the
docket, go to http://www.regulations.gov, or to the OSHA Docket Office
at the address above. While the Agency lists all documents in the
docket in the http://www.regulations.gov index, some information (e.g.,
copyrighted material) is not publicly available to read or download
through this Web site. All submissions, including copyrighted material,
are available for inspection and copying at the OSHA Docket Office.
Contact the OSHA Docket Office for assistance in locating docket
submissions.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Information regarding this Request for
Information is available from the following sources:
Press inquiries. Contact Frank Meilinger, Director, OSHA Office of
Communications, Room N-3647, U.S. Department of Labor, 200 Constitution
Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20210; telephone: (202) 693-1999.
General and technical information. Contact Blake Skogland, Office
of Construction Standards and Guidance, OSHA Directorate of
Construction, Room N-3468, U.S. Department of Labor, 200 Constitution
Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20210; telephone: (202) 693-2020; fax: (202)
693-1689.
Copies of this Federal Register notice. Electronic copies are
available at http://www.regulations.gov. This Federal Register notice,
as well as news releases and other relevant information, also are
available at OSHA's Web page at http://www.osha.gov.
Table of Contents of This RFI
Exhibits Referenced in this RFI
Reinforced Concrete in Construction, Docket No. OSHA-2010-0058
Preventing Backover Injuries and Fatalities, Docket No. OSHA-2010-
0059
Authority and Signature
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Exhibits Referenced in This RFI
Documents referenced by OSHA in this request for information, other
than OSHA standards and Federal Register notices, are in Docket Nos.
OSHA-2010-0058 (Reinforced Concrete in Construction) and OSHA-2010-0059
(Preventing Backover Injuries and Fatalities). The dockets are
available at http://www.regulations.gov, the Federal eRulemaking Portal.
Most exhibits are available at http://www.regulations.gov; some exhibits
(e.g., copyrighted material) are not available to read or download from
that Web page. However, all materials in the dockets are available for
inspection and copying at the OSHA Docket Office, Room N-2625, U.S.
Department of Labor, 200 Constitution Avenue NW., Washington, DC.
Reinforced Concrete in Construction
Table of Contents
I. Background
A. Events Leading to This Action
B. Hazards and Accidents
1. Reinforcing Steel
2. Post-Tensioning
C. Applicable Standards
D. Standards From Other Jurisdictions
II. Request for Data, Information, and Comments
A. Post-Tensioning Operations
B. Site Conditions and Roads
C. Documentation
D. Reinforcing Steel Operations
E. General Reinforcing Safety
F. Impalement
G. Training
H. Injuries
I. Economic Issues
J. References
I. Background
Concrete has strong compression strength (is not easily crushed),
but weak tensile strength (breaks easily when stretched); thus, adding
reinforcement increases concrete's tensile strength, which is
particularly important in floor or deck construction. Without
reinforcement, many concrete structures and buildings would not be
possible. Reinforced concrete is concrete that uses reinforcing steel
bars ("rebars"), reinforcement grids, plates, steel tendons, fibers,
or other material to increase its tensile strength. The construction
industry uses reinforced concrete in building most types of commercial,
industrial, and residential structures; this use includes many types of
structural components such as slabs, walls, beams, columns, and
foundations. According to estimates provided by the National Ready
Mixed Concrete Association, contractors used about 257 million cubic
yards of ready mixed concrete in 2010 (National Ready Mixed Concrete
Association (NRMCA) Fact Sheet), while the Steel Manufacturers
Association estimates that the construction industry used 6.05 million
tons of rebar in reinforced concrete in 2010 (Apparent Domestic
Consumption of Rebar 2010 Spreadsheet). This RFI will address
reinforcing concrete construction activities.
A. Events Leading to This Action
The International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental &
Reinforcing Iron Workers ("Ironworkers"), along with an industry
coalition of stakeholders,\1\ petitioned OSHA on April 19, 2010, to
conduct a negotiated rulemaking and publish new regulations for
reinforcing steel and post-tensioning operations. (Letter to David
Michaels, OSHA, from Joseph Hunt, International Association of Bridge,
Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers.) They explained
the hazards of reinforcing operations, and noted that the use of steel-
reinforced and post-tensioned poured-in-place concrete is likely to
double its 1990 usage level by 2015. The request prompted OSHA to
conduct a retrospective review of existing rules to determine what
action, if any, the Agency should take to improve safety for workers
engaged in this type of construction. In its review, OSHA found little
information in the literature on the rates of incidents caused by
reinforcing steel and post-tensioning activities. The Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) does not have statistics specific to this subject.
Consequently, OSHA is issuing this RFI to gather more information to
assess whether the Agency should take action to improve worker safety
for reinforcing concrete activities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Ironworker Management Progressive Action Cooperative Trust
(IMPACT), National Association of Reinforcing Steel Contractors,
Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Post Tensioning Institute,
Western Steel Council, Department of Reinforcing Ironworkers
Advisory Committee, and the Center for Construction Research and
Training.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
B. Hazards and Accidents
OSHA conducted a review of its Integrated Management Information
System (IMIS) incident database to determine the number of worker
fatalities resulting from activities working with rebar for concrete
reinforcement. This work includes constructing rebar mats and cages,
and installing rebar. (Rebar and Post-tensioning Deaths from IMIS
Database 2000-2009 Spreadsheet.) This review showed that, from 2000-
2009, a total of 30 workers died while performing rebar-related
activities, including five who died from impalement injuries, nine
killed in falls, eight who died when rebar cages or columns collapsed,
and six killed as a result of struck-by injuries. There also was one
positional-asphyxiation death and one death involving a rebar mat
collapse. In addition, during this period, IMIS data showed that one
worker died while performing post-tensioning operations.
Many of the rebar-related deaths occurred despite the existence of
a specific standard governing the activities involved.\2\ For example,
Federal OSHA and state-plan states other than California \3\ cited 29
CFR 1926.703(d)(1), which requires employers to adequately support
reinforcing steel for vertical structures to prevent overturning and
collapse, nine times between 2000 and 2009. During the same time
period, Federal OSHA and state-plan states also cited employers for
various fall protection-related regulations in Subpart M--Fall
Protection 15 times, and 29 CFR 1926.701(b), which requires the use of
rebar caps, five times. While capping the rebar and using fall
protection as required likely would prevent many of these accidents, it
is unclear whether these existing standards are adequate to fully
protect workers involved in reinforced concrete operations. For
example, contractors involved in reinforced concrete operations may
endanger the employees of contractors involved in subsequent steel
erection or masonry work when they remove caps from rebar or supports
from vertical form structures after they complete their work and leave
the site; such an oversight indicates that the existing standards may
need revision to ensure continuity of hazard control at these
worksites. The Agency will study this issue further, and make use of
any additional information collected from this RFI to determine what
steps, if any, it can take to prevent fatalities and injuries related
to working with reinforced concrete.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\2\ The document "Rebar and Post-tensioning Deaths from IMIS
Database 2000-2009 Spreadsheet," which is available in the OSHA-
2010-0058 docket, lists the regulations that Federal OSHA and state-
plan states cited after investigating rebar-related deaths.
\3\ California adopted its own reinforcing concrete regulations,
which differ from federal OSHA's standards. The other state-plan
states have regulations that duplicate Federal OSHA standards, but
may follow a codification system that differs from the Code of
Federal Regulations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Reinforcing Steel
The construction industry uses reinforcing steel in a variety of
different configurations, which create different hazards. Contractors
use flexible steel wire to tie rebar together for such configurations
as walls, mats, and cages. When tied improperly, these configurations
can collapse. Formwork and decks also are susceptible to collapse when
not properly installed. In addition, improperly anchored walls or cages
can tip over, subjecting workers to fall and struck-by hazards. Vertical
uncapped rebar can create impalement hazards. Workers also can face
struck-by and crushing hazards related to material-handling when a crane
operator uses a crane to place pre-assembled rebar components and does
not rig the load properly. Suppliers deliver, and workers position,
rebar during the early stages of construction when site conditions are
typically poor--the ground is rutted and uneven, which presents tripping
hazards, and mud and wet or icy conditions create slipping hazards.
The Center for Construction Research and Training (CPWR) discussed
injuries sustained by ironworkers (which CPWR defined as "ironworkers,
reinforced ironworkers, rodmen, or steelworkers") in the publication
"Occupational Injuries among Construction Workers Treated at the
George Washington University Emergency Department, 1990-1997".\4\
Although this study did not document what these workers were doing when
injured, their job titles and the types of injuries indicate that they
most likely received their injuries during operations involving
reinforced concrete. Accordingly, this study showed that, from November
1, 1990, through October 31, 1997, 133 ironworkers received treatment
for work-related injuries at the George Washington University Emergency
Department. The most common injuries for these ironworkers were struck-
by injuries (23%), which included injuries caused by falling objects.
Other common injuries were caused by falls (21%), sharp objects (18%),
and overexertion/strenuous movement (17%). Ironworkers were most likely
to injure fingers, thumbs, hands, and wrists (combined 34%). To reduce
these types of injuries, CPWR recommended limiting lifting and carrying
objects over uneven surfaces, and the frequency of moving heavy
materials. CPWR also recommended improving the efficiency of current
staging practices, and having the workers wear heavy gloves.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\4\ At the time of the study's publication, CPWR was the acronym
for the Center to Protect Workers Rights. It later changed its name
to Center for Construction Research and Training.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
A study from British Columbia found similar results for injuries
reported by concrete-reinforcing workers. "Mechanisms of Injury:
Concrete Reinforcing", WorkSafeBC, CU 721012. The WorkSafeBC study
noted that falls, overexertion, and struck-by incidents constituted 71%
of the injuries reported by 465 workers between 2007-2009.
2. Post-Tensioning
Post-tensioning poses several unique hazards to workers. There are
two types of post-tensioning systems: Unbonded and bonded. In an
unbonded post-tensioning operation, workers place high-strength steel
tendons (coated in grease and sheathed in plastic) in a horizontal form
(e.g., to construct a floor or slab) before pouring concrete into the
form; both ends of the tendons protrude through the form on opposite
sides. In a bonded post-tensioning operation, contractors pour the
concrete around plastic, steel, or aluminum ducts. Workers then
maneuver a set of tendons through the ducts and seal the ductwork with
grout. In both cases, once the concrete hardens, workers tension the
tendons using hydraulic jacks. Workers typically tension the tendons
between 30,000 and 50,000 p.s.i.
One of the most dangerous hazards in a post-tensioning operation is
the struck-by hazard that results from tensioning or de-tensioning the
tendons, especially a flying object propelled by the energy released
when a tendon breaks or a component fails at these high pressures.
According to OSHA IMIS database reports, in 2008, an employee died when
he was de-tensioning the tendons. The jack slipped and struck the
employee in the chest, killing him. Ten years earlier, a worker died
after a flying object struck his right arm and the back of his head
while he was post-tensioning a parking lot ramp.
C. Applicable Standards
The following provisions of OSHA's Concrete and Masonry
Construction standard at 29 CFR part 1926, subpart Q, regulate some
aspects of reinforcing steel and post-tensioning operations: 29 CFR
1926.701(b) (Reinforcing steel); 29 CFR 1926.701(c) (Post-tensioning
operations); and 29 CFR 1926.703(d) (Reinforcing steel).
Subpart M of 29 CFR part 1926 (Fall Protection), specifically Sec.
1926.501(b)(5) (Formwork and reinforcing steel), requires fall
protection for workers exposed to heights over six feet when working on
reinforcing steel.
D. Standards From Other Jurisdictions
In its research on reinforced steel and post-tensioning, OSHA found
that, in the years since it published 29 CFR part 1926, subpart Q,
various federal agencies, state governments, and industry associations
drafted additional regulations and guidelines for reinforcing steel and
post-tensioning operations. A few of the 26 state-plan states, which
can develop their own occupational safety and health standards, have
regulations regarding reinforcing steel and post-tensioning operations.
California, for instance, has several concrete-reinforcing regulations.
These regulations specify the criteria for impalement covers and tests
to determine whether caps are effective. California has detailed
requirements for rebar caps and troughs, which are long wooden forms
built to encapsulate the exposed ends of rebar, Title 8, CCR Sec.
344.90. California also regulates job-built covers used to protect
workers from protruding rebar and similar projections Title 8, CCR
Sec. 1712. In addition to impalement devices, California requires that
contractors use a qualified person to install and remove guys,
supports, and braces (id.).
Washington State regulates the performance of post-tensioning
activities, which includes requirements that: "deadheads" used in
post-tensioning be the type that will increase the grip on the cable as
the tension increases; contractors use proper means and equipment to
prevent over-tensioning; and only qualified workers perform post-
tensioning operations, WAC-296-155-695. These regulations also require
employers to: follow supplier recommendations and instructions
regarding installation, maintenance, and replacement of anchor
fittings; keep tools and strand vices clean and in good repair; and
comply with minimum safety factors for expendable strand deflection
devices and reusable strand deflection devices. Washington State also
has regulations regarding jacking operations which specify that
"during jacking operations of any tensioning element or group of
tensioning elements, the anchors shall be kept turned up close to the
anchorplate" and that no one can stand "in line or directly over the
jacking equipment during tensioning operations." (Id.) Jacking and
pulling equipment must be inspected frequently. These regulations also
include requirements for handling stressed concrete.
Federal agencies involved in construction activities also have
requirements relating to concrete reinforcement. For example, section
25.3.6 of the 2009 edition of the Bureau of Reclamation Safety and
Health Standards prohibits the use of reinforcing steel as guy
attachments at deadmen or other anchorage points for scaffolding hooks,
for stirrups, or as a load-bearing member of any lifting device.
Section 27.B.03 of the 2008 edition of the Army Corps of Engineers
Safety and Health Requirements Manual requires that a registered
professional engineer design support systems for reinforcing steel that
are independent of other forms or shoring support systems. Additionally,
this manual requires that contractors: Secure connections of equipment
used in plumbing-up; secure turnbuckles to prevent unwinding while under
stress; place plumbing-up guys and related equipment so that employees
can reach the connection points; and to remove these guys and equipment
only under the supervision of a competent person. This manual also
specifies that the designs and plans of shoring and formwork must meet
the standards in the American Concrete Institute Publication 347 and
that the manufacturer's specifications for fabricated shoring systems
be available at the job site during job planning and execution.
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard for
reinforced concrete, ANSI/ASSE A10.9-2004, Safety Requirements for
Masonry and Concrete Work--American National Standard for Construction
and Demolition Operations, also includes safety recommendations for
operations involving reinforced concrete. Similar to the Bureau of
Reclamation standards, section 1.13.2 of the ANSI standard prohibits
the use of reinforcing steel as hooks or stirrups for scaffolding, or
as a load-bearing member of any lifting device. The ANSI standard also
requires that reinforcing mats used as walkways be capable of
supporting the walkway's load, and it must have a surface covering that
affords adequate footing (section 3.1.3). In addition, the ANSI
standard requires that contractors clean and store post-tensioning
tendons to prevent rusting, pitting, kinks, pits, or other damage
(section 8.3), keep tools in good repair, and have a competent person
inspect jacking equipment before and during jacking operations (section
8.4).
The purpose of this RFI is to gather information, data, and comment
on hazards in operations involving reinforced concrete in construction,
as well as effective measures to control these hazards to prevent
injuries and fatalities.
II. Request for Data, Information, and Comments
As noted from the discussion in section IA, OSHA has limited
information on reinforcing steel and post-tensioning operations.
Therefore, OSHA developed the following questions to expand its
information base. OSHA invites the public, especially the regulated
community, both employers and employees, to read this document
carefully and respond to these questions as completely as possible,
including full explanations of their positions and arguments.
Accordingly, OSHA is seeking data, information, and comment on hazards
present in these operations, and the measures used to control these
hazards and reduce accidents, injuries, and fatalities. OSHA welcomes
any available data, information, or comments related to regulatory
requirements addressing operations that involve reinforcing concrete.
Based on its analysis of the information received in response to this
RFI, OSHA will determine what action, if any, it will take to address
the hazards of operations involving reinforced concrete. Please refer
to each question by its specific number when responding, and make
submissions in the OSHA-2010-0058 docket on reinforced concrete.
A. Post-Tensioning Operations
1. Are there specific post-tensioning hazards not currently
addressed by OSHA standards? If so, what are they?
2. What are the most common post-tensioning-related injuries, and
what procedures or techniques are available to prevent them?
3. Should a competent person inspect jacking equipment for visible
signs of defects or other signs of failure before and during jacking
operations? Are such inspections currently standard practice in the
industry?
4. What safety checks are necessary before post-tensioning activity
occurs?
5. Are there engineering issues relating to post-tensioning
operations that affect the safety of employees?
6. Are there post-tensioning hazards associated with mixing
components from various manufacturers?
7. How can employees be protected from risks or hazards associated
with drilling or cutting concrete after post-tensioning operations are
complete?
8. Are the hazards associated with de-tensioning generally
different than the hazards associated with post-tensioning? Please
explain. What measures are available to reduce these hazards?
B. Site Conditions and Roads
9. Some contractors perform rebar work, such as building rebar
cages, on the ground. At a construction site with multiple contractors,
concrete reinforcing workers may not have the authority to alter ground
conditions that are muddy, uneven, or contain other hazards. Workers
also need to transport rebar and other materials on the site. Do
concrete reinforcing workers experience material-handling hazards, such
as tripping, while carrying rebar when site conditions are poor? What
site conditions make it difficult to transport rebar and other
materials on the site? How do these conditions contribute to injuries,
if at all? Please explain.
10. Do site conditions pose other significant hazards for
reinforcing steel work? If so, how frequently does this occur and when
should contractors address site conditions--after excavation, before
formwork begins, or at another time?
11. Are road conditions a problem for reinforcing concrete
contractors, and do they create hazards for employees? What would be an
appropriate remedy to address risks to employees?
C. Documentation
12. Welding rebar used for reinforcement that is not safe for
welding can make the rebar brittle and may lead to collapse of the
structure and injury or death to workers. How can employees be
protected from these risks?
13. Are inadequate guardrails a problem for workers performing
rebar operations? If so, how frequently does this occur, and what would
be an appropriate remedy to address this risk?
D. Reinforcing Steel Operations
14. What are the hazards associated with using gas-powered abrasive
cut-off saws (demo-saws) on rebar? What are appropriate training and
safety measures necessary to protect employees?
15. Are there safety issues in regard to the wire used for tying
rebar (for example, the gauge of wire used for tying rebar)? If there
are, what are the safety measures necessary to protect employees?
16. Rebar columns can collapse when not supported properly,
potentially injuring or killing workers. What safety measures are
necessary to protect rebar workers from this hazard?
17. Do some types of structures pose more risk to employees
performing rebar work? Please explain.
18. Are there specific safety issues related to the use of
reinforcing steel and post-tensioning in residential construction?
19. Workers may form rebar cages on the ground (horizontally) and
then raise them to a vertical position. Are there specific rigging
hazards related to moving rebar columns? If so, what are they?
20. What health hazards are associated with working with or cutting
epoxy-coated rebar or galvanized rebar?
21. What are the hazards involved with using reinforcing steel as
guy attachments at deadmen or other anchorage points for scaffolding
hooks or stirrups, or as load-bearing members of any lifting device?
Does the Bureau of Reclamation's regulation (indicated above) effectively
address these hazards?
22. What are the hazards associated with using rebar mats as a
walkway? What safety measures would address these risks?
23. What safety measures are needed to address the risk of concrete
forms collapsing? Please explain.
E. General Reinforcing Safety
24. 29 CFR 1926.703(d)(2) requires employers to take measures to
prevent wire mesh from recoiling. What types of injuries occur when
working with wire mesh? Are there additional hazards related to wire
mesh that require safety measures to protect workers? What would these
additional safety measures be?
25. Are additional protective measures needed to address inhalation
of the fibers used in fiber-reinforced concrete?
26. Is a competent or qualified person necessary to supervise
guying, bracing, or shoring formwork? What measures would help avoid
collapses of these structures? Is using a competent or qualified person
for this purpose currently standard practice in the industry? When
installation of formwork requires removal of structural-stability
guying of an erected cage, is an alternative stability measure used in
place of the guys? If so, what are these measures?
27. Are there safety issues associated with guardrails erected by
reinforcing concrete contractors remaining onsite after the reinforcing
contractors departed from the site? Should a controlling contractor be
responsible for the guardrails after the reinforcing contractors depart
the site to ensure that guardrails remain effective? What is currently
the standard practice in the industry?
28. Does improper sequencing among multiple crafts result in
accidents or collapses in reinforcing concrete construction? Would a
plan for project sequencing help eliminate the hazards created by
multiple crafts working at the same time? Please explain.
F. Impalement
29 CFR 1926.701(b) requires that "all protruding reinforcing
steel, onto which employees could fall, shall be guarded to eliminate
the hazard of impalement." Despite this requirement, workers continue
to die and experience serious injuries because of impalement incidents.
OSHA is looking at ways that it can improve its existing impalement
standard to prevent future injuries and deaths.
29. How could the current impalement provision be changed to be
more effective or protective? Is it practical or effective to require
additional specific forms of impalement protection for specific
situations? For example, under what circumstances should a contractor
use protective troughs?
30. Subpart R of 29 CFR 1926 contains regulations that explain when
a controlling contractor may take possession of fall protection, 29 CFR
1926.760(e). These regulations allow a controlling contractor to take
control and responsibility for fall protection installed by a
subcontractor. Fall protection stays in place while the responsibility
shifts from the subcontractor, who is leaving the area, to the
controlling contractor, who remains at the worksite. Similar issues
arise when many crafts use rebar caps placed by one contractor. Would
procedures similar to the procedures specified for fall protection be
useful in ensuring that rebar caps remain installed until no longer
needed?
31. The state of California has a test to determine whether rebar
caps are effective. Does such testing increase worker protection of
caps? Please explain.
32. OSHA issued a memorandum on January 15, 1997, that explains
what types of rebar caps adequately protect workers from the hazard of
impalement, e.g., mushroom caps are insufficient for this purpose. What
should OSHA do to update the clarifications described in this
memorandum?
33. In addition to rebar, construction sites have other, similar
hazards that protrude from concrete, such as pipes. Unlike rebar, no
existing OSHA standard covers these hazards. Are these hazards a safety
issue, and what would be the most effective measure to use in
controlling them?
G. Training
34. Is specific training needed for work involving reinforcing
steel and post-tensioning? If so, what specific types of training are
needed for operations involving these activities?
35. How does your company/organization evaluate employees to
confirm that they understand information provided in the training?
Should employers rely on hands-on methods and practical demonstration
of skills rather than written tests/evaluations?
36. Does your company/organization train employees for operations
involving reinforced concrete? If so, what information does it cover?
How is training adapted for non-English speaking employees? Please
provide copies of training materials, if possible.
37. OSHA would like to receive information on employer experiences
with training non-English speaking workers. What percentage of your
workforce involved in reinforced concrete operations speaks languages
other than English? What training methods have you found to be
effective with these workers? Are you aware of any data that estimates
the number of non-English speaking workers engaged in operations
involving reinforced concrete? If so, please identify the data.
H. Injuries
OSHA currently is looking for information and data on incidents in
the reinforcing concrete industry. While the Bureau of Labor Statistics
(BLS) keeps data on many types of injuries, the BLS data regarding
concrete reinforcing is not specific to the incidents addressed by this
RFI. While OSHA has some limited data, including the CPWR and BeSafeBC
studies, the Agency needs additional data to determine the types and
frequency of these incidents.
38. If you or your company/organization performs work involving
reinforcing steel, what kinds of rebar-related injuries, if any, have
your employees experienced? How many?
39. If you or your company/organization performs post-tensioning
operations, what kinds of post-tensioning-related injuries, if any,
have your employees experienced? How many?
40. Are you aware of any data used to evaluate the effect of
implementing specific safety practices in reinforced concrete
operations? Is so, please identify the data.
I. Economic Issues
41. The Agency examined data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics'
(BLS) Occupational Employment Survey (May 2009) to identify which
industries employ Reinforcing Iron and Rebar Workers (SOC 472171) (see
the table below).\5\ Based on the data in this table, it would appear
that most concrete reinforcement activity occurs in NAICS code 238100,
with small amounts of activity in other construction sectors.\6\
However, the data may not be accurate because there may be construction
workers, including laborers and carpenters, who perform reinforcing
concrete operations and who are classified under other SOC codes
because reinforcing concrete is not their primary activity. Also, there
likely are reinforcing iron and rebar workers employed in non-construction
sectors not accounted for in the data presented in this table.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\5\ Standard Occupational Classification (SOC).
\6\ North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).
Reinforcing Iron and Rebar Workers by Industry
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Potentially affected industries Potentially affected employees
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NAICS code Industry.......................... SOC
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
472171: Number of Reinforcing Iron
and Rebar Workers
-----------------------------------
Subtotal Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236100.................................. Residential Building Construction. ................ 280
236200.................................. Nonresidential Building ................ ENR
Construction.
237000.................................. Heavy and Civil Engineering ................ 2,520
Construction.
237100.................................. Utility System Construction....... 360 ................
237300.................................. Highway Street and Bridge 1,870 ................
Construction..
237900.................................. Other Heavy and Civil Engineering 100 ................
Construction.
238000.................................. Specialty Trade Contractors....... ................ 16,960
238100.................................. Foundation Structure and Building 16,180 ................
Exterior Contractors.
238200.................................. Building Equipment Contractors.... 150 ................
238900.................................. Other Specialty Trade Contractors. 620 ................
327300.................................. Cement and Concrete Product ................ 40
Manufacturing.
423000.................................. Merchant Wholesalers Durable Goods ................ 130
999301.................................. Local government including schools ................ 40
and hospitals.
-----------------------------------
Total............................ ................ 19,970
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ENR = "Estimate Not Released"--due to data suppression, the actual number of rebar workers will be larger than
the total based on the available data.
Source: BLS Occupational Employment Survey, May 2009.
42. Do the data listed in the table provide reasonable estimates of
where concrete reinforcement work is done and who is doing it? Are
there construction sectors other than those listed in the table above
that do concrete reinforcing work? Are there other occupational groups,
such as cement masons and concrete finishers, that OSHA should consider
in determining the industries in which concrete reinforcement work
might take place?
43. Do reinforcing iron and rebar workers in sectors other than
construction engage in construction work (as opposed to performing
general industry maintenance)? Do they face hazards similar to
reinforcing iron and rebar workers working in the construction sector?
44. OSHA is interested in the experience of employers in complying
with existing standards regarding concrete reinforcement, in terms of
costs and benefits; specifically, the experience of employers in states
with supplemental mandatory requirements related to concrete
reinforcement, such as California and Washington.
a. Have there been additional expenses in complying with these
rules and what are these expenses?
b. Have these standards had any affect on the industry structure?
Has there been a noticeable improvement in safety? Are there any data
sources on injuries related to reinforced concrete operations at local
or regional levels?
c. What is the industry's experience, in terms of costs and
benefits, in complying with various consensus standards, such as the
ANSI standards?
d. Have the Bureau of Reclamation or Army Corps of Engineers
requirements imposed additional expenses, affected industry structure,
or resulted in safety improvements?
e. Is there any reason to believe that, if OSHA adopted the
requirements of these various standards, the resulting costs, benefits,
and affects on industry structure would differ from current experience?
f. Are current state standards sufficiently flexible and/or
performance-oriented to adapt to changing technology in the
construction sector over time?
45. Subpart R requires the controlling contractor to properly grade
and drain the work area (29 CFR 1926.752(c)(2)). Reinforcing concrete
work may be done before structural steel work begins. Currently, there
is no requirement to grade and drain the site prior to commencing
reinforcing concrete work. If controlling contractors must drain and
grade the site prior to reinforcing concrete work, would this increase
the cost of draining and grading the site, or would it merely shift the
timing of the cost? Please explain.
46. How many, and what kind of, small entities (small businesses,
small organizations, and small governmental jurisdictions) perform
reinforcing steel and post-tensioning operations? What percentage of
the industry do they comprise? Are there important differences between
entities of various sizes within the affected industries?
47. OSHA requests that members of the small business community and
others familiar with small business concerns address any special
circumstances small entities may encounter in controlling hazards and
reducing injuries and fatalities associated with reinforcing steel and
post-tensioning operations.
a. How, and to what extent, would publication of new regulatory
provisions that address hazards in reinforcing steel and post-
tensioning operations affect small entities in the industry?
b. Are there special circumstances that make the control of hazards
in reinforcing steel and post-tensioning operations more difficult or
more costly for small entities? Please describe these circumstances,
and explain any alternatives that may serve to minimize these impacts,
such as extended compliance dates, use of performance standards,
simplified compliance options, different requirements, and partial
exemptions for affected small firms.
48. Are there reasons why the benefits of new provisions to control
the hazards of reinforcing steel and post-tensioning operations may be
different for small entities than for larger establishments? Please
explain.
J. References
All references in this list are available in OSHA Docket No.
OSHA-2010-0058, Reinforced Concrete in Construction.
WAC 296-155-695. Miscellaneous Concrete Construction.
ANSI/ASSE A10.9-2004, Safety Requirement for Masonry and Concrete
Work, American National Standard for Construction and Demolition
Operations.
Apparent Domestic Consumption of Rebar 2010 Spreadsheet.
Bureau of Reclamation--Section 25 Concrete Masonry Construction and
Formwork.
California Code of Regulations, Title 8, Section 344.90. Impalement
Protection. Specifications and Testing Criteria.
California Code of Regulations, Title 8, Section 1712. Hazards
Associated with the Use of Reinforcing Steel and Other Similar
Projections.
Hunt, J., President, International Association of Bridge,
Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers. Letter to
Michaels, David, Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational
Safety and Health.
National Ready Mixed Concrete Association (NRMCA) Fact Sheet.
Occupational Injuries among Construction Workers Treated at the GWU
Emergency Department.
OSHA Rebar and Post-tensioning Deaths from IMIS Database 2000-2009
Spreadsheet.
Swanson, R. Memorandum re: Mushroom Rebar Caps, May 29, 1997.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Safety and Health Requirements Manual
Section 27, 2008 ed.
WorkSafeBC. Mechanisms of Injury. CU 721012 Concrete Reinforcing
Industry Overview.
Preventing Backover Injuries and Fatalities
Table of Contents
I. Background
A. Introduction
1. Backover Injuries and Fatalities
2. Current OSHA Standards
3. Consensus Standards and State Standards
4. Actions by Other Federal Agencies
B. Backover Prevention Technology and Methods
1. Backup Alarms
2. Cameras
3. Proximity Detection Systems
4. Combined Technologies
5. Backover Prevention Methods
C. Other Research on Backing Maneuvers
II. Request for Data, Information, and Comment
A. General: Backing With an Obstructed View
B. Audible Backup Alarms
C. Studies
D. Vehicle and Backing Safety System Manufacturers
E. State Regulations
F. Internal Traffic Control Plans
G. Training
H. Economic Issues
I. Scope
J. References
I. Background
A. Introduction
1. Backover Injuries and Fatalities
Workers can experience caught-between injuries and fatalities when
backing vehicles or mobile equipment, especially those with an
obstructed view to the rear, pin them against an object and struck-by
injuries when struck by backing vehicles or mobile equipment in other
circumstances. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
(NHTSA) refers to many backing incidents as "backovers," which are
"crash[es] which occur when a driver reverses into and injures or
kills a non-occupant" ("Fatalities and Injuries in Motor Vehicle
Backing Crashes"). While backover incidents can be fatal, some
backover incidents can result in serious non-fatal injuries, such as
amputations, compound and simple fractures, and crushing injuries (OSHA
Backing Injuries 2007-2009, Region 9 Spreadsheet). In this Request for
Information (RFI), OSHA is seeking information about backover incidents
that occur when drivers or mobile equipment operators have an
obstructed view to the rear. In addition, some mobile equipment that
has an unobstructed view, such as most forklifts, also may cause
backing incidents. The Agency also is seeking information and comment
on this equipment.
In a search of its Integrated Management Information System (IMIS)
database for fatal accidents involving backover hazards, the Agency
identified 358 fatal incidents over a six-year period, from 2005
through 2010 \7\ (OSHA Backing Fatalities 2005-2010 Spreadsheet). Of
these deaths, 142 occurred in the construction industry, and the
remaining 216 occurred in general industry, shipyard employment,
maritime, and agriculture industries. There were 279 fatalities
involving struck-by hazards, and 73 fatalities involved caught-between
hazards, 16 of which included workers caught between a loading dock and
a tractor trailer, and 6 fatalities caused by falls from backing
vehicles. Three types of vehicles caused a large number of deaths: 61
deaths involved dump trucks; 31 deaths involved tractor trailers; and
20 deaths involved garbage trucks.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\7\ This data did not include accidents caused by backing
railroad vehicles because the Federal Railroad Administration
regulates railroad vehicles, nor did it include accidents in which
the driver of the vehicle was the only fatality. However, the data
included accidents in which a backing vehicle hit an object which,
in turn, resulted in a fatality (e.g., a vehicle backed into a tower
and toppled it onto an employee standing nearby). Additionally, not
all IMIS fatality reports are available to the public because the
employer is contesting the citations, or the Agency is reviewing the
report.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The analysis of the IMIS data also provided a context for these
fatal backover incidents. Eight of the deceased workers were using cell
phones when the backover incident occurred. Twenty-one fatalities
involved vehicles with no driver.\8\ Twenty-five of the victims were
acting as spotters for the vehicles that backed over them. In many of
the cases, employers were using spotters to comply with the existing
backover-related standards. In some these cases, OSHA cited employers
under Sec. 5(a)(1) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970,
known as the General Duty Clause.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\8\ In most of these incidents, the victims were drivers who
left the cab of the vehicle while it was running to perform a task
behind the vehicle.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
One area in which backover incidents are a significant concern are
incidents that occur in highway work zones. Road construction workers
routinely work in close proximity to mobile equipment and construction
vehicles, which exposes them to struck-by hazards on the job site. For
example, flaggers and other workers on foot are at risk because they
may not be visible to equipment operators or motorists. Other highway
workers are at risk because they routinely work in conditions of low
visibility, low lighting, inclement weather, noise, or in congested
areas with high traffic volumes. The 2010 highway work zone study,
"Fatal Occupational Injuries at Road Construction Sites, 2003-07,"
found that, of the 639 fatal workplace injuries on road construction
sites between 2003 and 2007, 101 (15.8%) involved backing vehicles or
mobile equipment. Additionally, the study found that dump trucks caused
60 of these fatal backover incidents. An earlier study found that 51%
of workers killed by backing vehicles while on foot occurred within the
confines of a highway work zone ("Building Safer Highway Work Zones:
Measures to Prevent Worker Injuries from Vehicles and Equipment").
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
compiles case studies of worker fatalities in its Fatality Assessment
and Control Evaluation (FACE) reports. An OSHA review of 25
construction-related backover fatalities described in these reports
indicates that, in 15 of these fatalities, the backup alarm on the
vehicle was functioning properly, suggesting that backup alarms may not
be sufficient to prevent backover incidents.
In the FACE reports, NIOSH recommended that employers:
Ensure that procedures for backing vehicles safely are in
place for mobile construction vehicles;
Designate a spotter to direct vehicle backing;
Train workers on the specific duties they are to perform
during backing maneuvers;
Train workers to recognize equipment blind areas;
Ensure that drivers are in communication with workers who
are on foot near the vehicle;
Implement and enforce procedures that minimize exposure of
workers on foot to moving construction vehicles and equipment;
Provide personal protective equipment and high-visibility
clothing, and require its use; and,
Install after-market devices (e.g., cameras, radars, and
ultrasonic devices) on construction vehicles and equipment to monitor
workers on foot in blind areas.
While vehicles cause the majority of backover incidents, mobile
equipment cause backover injuries and fatalities as well. Powered
industrial trucks, many of which are forklifts, are one type of mobile
equipment that has the potential to create many backing hazards.
Powered industrial trucks may need to change direction rapidly, which
can make it difficult for a worker on foot to know where the forklifts
are going. In addition, these machines cause injuries by backing slowly
and trapping workers. ANSI standard B56.1-2009, Safety Standard for Low
Lift and High Lift Trucks, provides safety instructions for personnel
who operate powered industrial trucks. Section 5.2.7 of this standard
instructs operators to "[s]afeguard pedestrians at all times." NIOSH
recommended that powered industrial trucks have backup alarms to avoid
worker on-foot fatalities ("Preventing Injuries and Deaths of Workers
Who Operate or Work Near Forklifts"). Currently, there are no OSHA
standards requiring powered industrial trucks to have backup alarms.
2. Current OSHA Standards
There are three OSHA construction standards that require employers
to use an alarm or a spotter when backing a vehicle or other mechanical
equipment with an obstructed view to the rear. These standards are:
29 CFR 1926.601(b)(4)--Motor vehicles;
29 CFR 1926.602(a)(9)(ii)--Material handling equipment;
and
29 CFR 1926.952(a)(3)--Mechanical equipment.
General industry standard 29 CFR 1910.269(p)(1)(ii) provides similar
requirements for vehicular equipment operated in general industry at
off-highway jobsites.
While no OSHA standard defines the phrase "obstructed view to the
rear," a 1987 OSHA memorandum addressing the use of the phrase in 29
CFR 1926.602(a)(9)(ii) provides the following explanation:
A simple interpretation would be "anything" that would
"blockout" (interfere) with the overall view of the operator of
the vehicle to the rear of the vehicle, at ground level.
"Obstructed view to the rear" could include such obstacles as
any part of the vehicle such as structural members, its load
(gravel, dirt, rip-rap), its height relative to ground level
viewing, damage to windows or side mirrors, etc. used for rearview
movement of the vehicle; in addition, it could include restricted
visibility due to weather conditions such as heavy fog; or work
being done after dark, without proper lighting.
(Memorandum re: Interpretation of 29 CFR 1926.602(a)(9)(ii).) In a
letter of interpretation, OSHA also permitted the use of motion-sensing
equipment (e.g., radar) on vehicles, so long as it provides adequate
warning to workers in the path of the vehicle or walking toward the
vehicle (Letter of Interpretation re: Permissible methods of operating
trucks in reverse on construction sites).
The above-mentioned construction and general industry standards
only require the use of a backup alarm when the view to the rear is
obstructed. If the obstruction is removed or non-existent, current
regulations do not require an alarm. OSHA notes, however, that vehicles
and mobile equipment with unobstructed views to the rear, such as
forklifts and some skid-steer loaders, kill and injure workers during
backing maneuvers ("Fatal Occupational Injuries at Road Construction
Sites" and "Building Safer Highway Work Zones").
While OSHA does not specifically require backup alarms on powered
industrial trucks, there are regulations that prohibit removing a
backup alarm if a powered industrial truck is equipped with one by the
manufacturer. Accordingly, two OSHA standards for the maritime industry
(29 CFR 1917.43(c)(5) and 29 CFR 1918.65(f)(1)) prohibit employers from
removing safety devices, such as backup alarms, when the manufacturer
equips a powered industrial truck with such an alarm. Additionally, 29
CFR 1910.178(q)(6) prohibits eliminating parts from powered industrial
trucks, which would include backup alarms. Paragraph (n)(6) of 29 CFR
1910.178 requires employers to ensure that powered industrial truck
operators look in the direction of travel, whether moving forward or in
reverse. Similarly, 29 CFR 1910.266(f)(2)(v) requires operators of
logging machines to determine that no employee is in the path of the
machine before starting or moving the machine. Paragraph (g)(7) of 29
CFR 1910.266 applies this requirement to logging vehicles that
"transport any employee off public roads or * * * perform any logging
operation, including any vehicle provided by an employee."
OSHA also has a requirement for the longshoring industry that
prevents backover incidents when operators drive vehicles on and off
cargo vessels. Accordingly, 29 CFR 1918.86(n) requires that "[d]rivers
shall not drive vehicles, either forward or backward, while any
personnel are in positions where they could be struck."
3. Consensus Standards and State Standards
The ANSI A10.47-2009 standard, Work Zone Safety for Highway
Construction, contains several sections regarding backing construction
vehicles and equipment. Section 6.2 of this ANSI standard requires
that, when pedestrians are potentially in the blind areas of vehicles
and equipment, the vehicles and equipment must use a mechanical backing
assistive device \9\ or a spotter before backing. Section 6.2.1
requires the use of a mechanical backing assistive device and a backup
alarm if the employer does not use spotters. Section 6.2.2 requires
employers to train spotters on the following topics: How to safely
direct backing maneuvers; on not standing in the path of construction
vehicles or equipment; to remain in the direct line of sight of
drivers; and to wear high-visibility apparel. Employers also must train
drivers to stop their vehicles when they lose sight of spotters.
Section 6.2.3 requires that visual warning devices supplement audible
backup alarms, especially at night.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\9\ The ANSI standard defines a mechanical backing assistive
device as "a mechanical device that provides increased visibility
or detection of objects behind a vehicle to prevent accidents during
reverse operations."
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Some states have regulations to prevent backover injuries and
fatalities. Washington State regulation WAC 296-155-610(2)(f) requires,
"An operable mechanical device that provides the driver a full view
behind the dump truck [to be] used, such as a video camera," or the
use of spotters when using dump trucks where people will be walking
behind them. In addition, Washington State law RCW 46.37.400 requires
trucks registered or based in the state and equipped with a "cube-
style, walk-in cargo box up to eighteen feet long used in the
commercial delivery of goods and services" to have either crossview
mirrors or backup devices that alert the driver when a person or object
is behind the truck.
Virginia promulgated a comprehensive regulation to prevent backover
incidents in construction and general industry in 2009. The regulation
applies to vehicles, machinery, or equipment used in off-road work
zones, or for over-the-road hauling or transportation, and that are
capable of operating in reverse and have an obstructed view to the rear
(16VAC25-97-10). To operate a vehicle under these conditions, it
generally must have a backup alarm audible above the surrounding noise
level. The operator also must use a spotter or video camera, or
"visually determine, that no employee is in the path of the covered
vehicle" prior to backing (16VAC25-97-30). In addition, the regulation
specifies requirements for spotters, including the use of fluorescent
safety vests or jackets, maintaining visual contact with the driver
when the vehicle is operating in reverse, and not using personal cell
phones or headphones (16VAC25-97-40). Vehicle operators must stop
immediately if they lose visual contact with the spotter. Employers
must train spotters and vehicle operators on the regulation prior to
commencing backing activities and provide refresher training for
drivers and spotters when they violate the regulation, have an accident
or near miss, or receive an evaluation showing that they are not
operating under the regulation in a safe manner (16VAC25-97-50). Since
Virginia promulgated the regulation, two backing fatalities occurred in
the state, which is less than the four or five the state saw before
promulgating the regulation (ACCSH Transcript, Dec. 16, 2011).
4. Actions by Other Federal Agencies
OSHA is not the only federal agency working to curb backover
incidents. Recently, the NHTSA issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking
that would expand the required field of view in passenger cars, trucks,
multipurpose passenger vehicles, buses, and low-speed vehicles rated at
10,000 pounds or less, gross vehicle weight, to prevent pedestrian
backover deaths. In the near term, the only technology that complies
with the proposal is cameras with an in-vehicle visual display. (See 75
FR 76186, December 3, 2010.) The Mine Safety and Health Administration
recently published proposed rule which would require the use of certain
proximity detection equipment on certain mining machines. (See 76 FR
54163, August 31, 2011.) This type of proximity detection system would
stop the mining machines when they enter a pre-determined danger zone
near a miner. A sensor on the machine detects a signal emitted by a
device attached to the miner.
B. Backover Prevention Technology and Methods
1. Backup Alarms
Many construction employers equip large vehicles used on
construction sites and in work zones with reverse signal alarms. Most
of these alarms emit a single tone. Single tone alarms are used for
backup alarms and other types of alarms on many types of vehicles and
mobile equipment. Because they are used in so many applications, some
workers may not pay attention to the alarms. It also may be difficult
for workers to determine from what direction the tone is coming
("Construction Noise: Exposure, Effects, and the Potential for
Remediation; A Review and Analysis"). Other types of backup alarms are
available. These alarms include broadband alarms (also known as white-
noise alarms) and self-adjusting alarms, which vary the tone based on
the ambient noise level. However, the self-adjusting alarms can be
problematic if several vehicles use them on a worksite and the alarms
adjust to the tone that each alarm is emitting.
The noise generated by backup alarms can cause problems. For
example, over the years, OSHA received several letters from members of
the public about the annoying sounds emitted by backup alarms at
construction sites, especially in residential neighborhoods. (See,
e.g., Letter of Interpretation re: Alternatives to common back-up
alarms on construction motor vehicles; use of other effective
technology or observers/signal persons.) In addition, noise caused by
backup alarms may cause problems for workers. The Eugene, Oregon, Fire
Department commissioned a 1998 study on the hearing effects of backup
alarms on firefighters. ("Personnel Noise Exposure to Fire Apparatus
Backup Alarms: Eugene Fire and EMS.") The study failed to confirm that
backup alarms caused hearing loss in firefighters, but the alarms were
of sufficient concern that the fire department requested revision of a
local ordinance that required the use of backup alarms, to allow the
department to use spotters instead (id.).
2. Cameras
Most vehicles (and some types of mobile equipment) now can
accommodate a camera that provides operators with a view to the rear.
In a study involving medium straight trucks, NHTSA found that cameras
provided an effective means of allowing the driver to see behind the
vehicle ("Experimental Evaluation of the Performance of Available
Backover Prevention Technologies for Medium Straight Trucks").
Several studies explored the use of cameras on construction
equipment and identified conditions that limit their use. The NIOSH
study, "Evaluation of Systems to Monitor Blind Areas Behind Trucks
Used in Road Construction and Maintenance: Phase 1," found that, in
winter, snow and grime may accumulate quickly on the lenses of cameras,
thereby impeding their usefulness. Determining where to mount a camera
for maximum effectiveness may be difficult, especially on large
vehicles. For example, dump trucks may require two or three cameras to
monitor the blind spots on the front, rear, and side of the vehicle
("Monitoring Blind Spots: A Major Concern for Haul Trucks"). Mounting
cameras on exposed areas subjects them to accumulations of mud and
grime, which may damage the camera ("Evaluation of Systems to Monitor
Blind Areas Behind Trucks Used in Road Construction and Maintenance:
Phase 1"). Also, camera systems manufactured for the automobile market
may not be durable enough to use on vehicles at construction sites
(id.).
3. Proximity Detection Systems
Radar and ultrasonic technology both are used in backing safety
systems. There generally are two types of radar used in these systems--
Doppler effect radar and frequency modulated continuous wave radar.
Doppler effect radar detects the presence of objects that are moving
with respect to the vehicle. Consequently, either the vehicle or the
object needs to be moving for the vehicle driver to detect it.
Frequency modulated continuous wave radar can detect persons or objects
that are not moving. However, these systems must be in a position where
they will not detect harmless objects, such as the concrete slab of a
driveway, which can interfere with the detection of an object or person
behind the vehicle or mobile equipment. Also, the composition of the
object can affect the detection of an object, with some materials being
virtually invisible to radar ("Evaluation of the Performance of Available
Backover Prevention Technologies for Light Vehicles").
Ultrasonic systems, such as sonar, emit bursts of ultrasonic waves.
When the waves strike an object, they generate echoes used to determine
the distance to the object.
A major drawback of radar and ultrasonic technology is that, in
crowded work areas, many false alarms may result from detection of
harmless objects ("Evaluation of Systems to Monitor Blind Areas Behind
Trucks Used in Road Construction and Maintenance: Phase 1"). The
accumulation of snow or mud on sensors also can cause false alarms
(id.). Additionally, sensors may not detect every object behind a
vehicle ("Experimental Evaluation of the Performance of Available
Backover Prevention Technologies for Medium Straight Trucks").
Another type of proximity detection system is an electromagnetic
field-based system. This system consists of a combination of
electromagnetic field generators and field detecting devices. One
electromagnetic field-based system uses electromagnetic field
generators installed on a vehicle and electronic sensing devices worn
by persons working near the vehicle. Another electromagnetic field-
based system uses field generators worn by persons working near the
vehicle, while the sensing devices installed on the vehicle. These
electromagnetic field-based systems can be programmed to warn affected
workers, stop the vehicle, or both, when workers get within the
predefined danger zone of the vehicle.
4. Combined Technologies
NIOSH recommends combining a radar or ultrasonic system with a
camera to protect workers from backover hazards ("Evaluation of
Systems to Monitor Blind Areas Behind Trucks Used in Road Construction
and Maintenance: Phase 1"). In a dual system, a radar or ultrasonic
system would alert the driver to a possible object behind the vehicle,
while a camera would enable the driver to easily determine if the
signal is an object (including a person) or a false alarm ("Test
Results of Collision Warning Systems for Surface Mining Dump Trucks").
One study assessed the use passenger vehicle drivers made of cameras
while backing and found that drivers were more likely to look at the
video monitor if sensors alerted them to an obstacle than they were to
look at the camera without a sensor \10\ ("Backing Collisions: a Study
of Drivers' Eye and Backing Behaviour Using Combined Rear-view Camera
and Sensor Systems").
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\10\ In this study, the drivers were not performing work while
driving.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Backover Prevention Methods
One common method to address backover hazards is to use spotters to
signal drivers while backing a vehicle. However, spotters are at
increased risk of death or injury if drivers lose sight of them while
backing.
Internal traffic control plans (ITCP) is another method used to
address backover hazards. These are plans that project managers can use
to coordinate the flow of construction equipment, workers, and vehicles
at a worksite to prevent vehicle impacts with workers. These plans can
significantly reduce, or possibly eliminate, the need for vehicles to
back up on a site. ANSI standard A10.47-2009, Work Zone Safety for
Highway Construction, section 6.3 recommends that employers develop
ITCPs and communicate them to employees. In addition, section 6.3.3
states that an ITCP should include a diagram of travel routes; a
listing of all onsite personnel and equipment; a checklist of site-
specific safety hazards and how to minimize these hazards; a list of
safety notes defining site-specific injury prevention measures; and a
plan for communicating the ITCP to workers, truck drivers, and
equipment operators. However, OSHA has no information on the
effectiveness of this consensus standard.
C. Other Research on Backing Maneuvers
Some studies examined the use drivers make of backover prevention
technology, but OSHA found no studies that address the use of this
technology by drivers and operators under working conditions. NHTSA
reviewed studies of parking assist technology, such as cameras, and
found that the warning devices often are not useful to drivers who are
not expecting objects behind their vehicles ("Vehicle Backover
Avoidance Technology Study"). Drivers in these studies stated,
however, that they would brake immediately if they received a sudden
alert while backing. However, this research also found that drivers
brake less often when the backing aids have a high false alarm rate,
even when an object is behind the vehicle.
II. Request for Data, Information, and Comment
OSHA is seeking additional information to evaluate the hazards that
backing maneuvers pose to workers. The Agency is requesting information
on how and when backing maneuvers occur in the workplace, and the
injuries and fatalities caused by these maneuvers. OSHA is particularly
interested in how employers use backover prevention technologies in the
workplace. Workers who perform backing maneuvers are also encouraged to
respond. Based on its analysis of the information received in response
to this RFI, OSHA will determine what action, if any, it will take to
address backover hazards.
OSHA appreciates detailed responses to the following questions on
backover hazards and prevention. Please make comments regarding
backovers in the OSHA-2010-0059 docket. When answering questions,
please refer to the question number in your comments and also provide
the following information:
If you are a worker, employer, or manager, please explain
what industry you are in, and what position you hold.
If you are a public health professional, please explain
which industry or industries you work with/study.
A. General: Backing With an Obstructed View
1. What types of vehicles or mobile equipment do you use that have
an obstructed view to the rear?
2. How does your company address the risk of backing vehicles that
have an obstructed view to the rear?
3. Are some types of backing safety systems, including non-
technological solutions such as spotters, more effective than other
systems in your work situations? Please explain.
4. To what extent do your vehicles with obstructed views have
cameras or proximity detection systems?
5. Do you use multiple cameras or cameras in combination with
another backing safety system? If so, describe the systems used, and
why you use them.
6. How effective are the systems you use in preventing backing
accidents involving vehicles with an obstructed view?
7. Are you also using backing safety measures to protect the driver
and vehicle from accidents and damage, in addition to protecting
pedestrians or other workers? If so, describe the measures you are
using.
8. If your company uses spotters for backing maneuvers, how do
drivers and spotters communicate--verbally, by using two-way radios,
hand signaling, or some other technique?
9. Does your company require the use of reflective clothing for
spotters or other exposed employees during backing maneuvers? If so,
describe when you require its use (for example, during all maneuvers,
only during periods when backing maneuvers are frequent).
B. Audible Backup Alarms
10. To what extent do your vehicles currently have audible backup
alarms? Do you rely only on audible alarms when vehicles have an
obstructed view to the rear?
11. Does your company rely on more than just an audible alarm to
ensure safe backing maneuvers? If so, what additional backing safety
system does it use, and why?
12. Backup alarm operations:
a. If your company primarily uses backup alarms during backing
maneuvers, do you find that these alarms can be recognized at all times
above the background noise?
b. Is it difficult to find a backup alarm that can be recognized
above the background noise of the worksite?
c. Can workers recognize the direction of a backup alarm signal?
13. If your company requires hearing protection for workers who are
on foot, does this protection interfere with their ability to hear the
backup alarm on vehicles or mobile equipment during backing maneuvers?
C. Studies
14. Are you aware of any additional studies, including studies of
over-the-road vehicles such as cars, that analyze the effectiveness of
the backing safety systems discussed in this notice, including cameras
or proximity detection systems? If so, please provide references to the
studies.
15. Do you or your company use any backing safety technology not
discussed in this notice? If so, please explain what the technology is,
how it works, and whether it is commercially available.
16. Does your company follow the ANSI A10.47-2009 standard, Work
Zone Safety for Highway Construction, section 6.2, for safe practices
during backing maneuvers?
17. Are you aware of any studies addressing human factors or
performance related to backing maneuvers in construction or other
industries? If so, please provide the references to these studies.
18. Do you have any studies or other information on the
effectiveness of backup alarms when used around workers on foot who
have difficulty hearing? Please provide the references to these studies
or information.
19. Do you have any studies or other information on injuries or
fatalities resulting from backover hazards? Please provide the
references to these studies or information.
D. Vehicle and Backing Safety System Manufacturers
20. For manufacturers of vehicles or mobile equipment:
a. Are camera or proximity detection systems available for your
vehicles or mobile equipment that have obstructed views to the rear?
Are they standard or optional equipment?
b. How frequently are these technologies chosen by customers if the
technology is not standard-issue equipment? Why do customers choose a
specific technology or combination of technologies (that is, what
special benefits do they believe one technology has over others)?
c. Do you offer backing safety technology not mentioned in this
RFI? If yes, please explain.
d. What factors do you consider when deciding whether to equip a
vehicle or mobile equipment with a backing safety system?
21. For manufacturers of vehicles or mobile equipment with audible
alarms:
a. What decibel ranges do you provide on audible alarms? How do you
determine how loud an alarm should be?
b. Do you include audible backup alarms on all vehicles with
obstructed views to the rear as part of the original equipment package?
If not, are such alarms an option? Please explain your response.
c. What percentage of customers request single-tone alarms, or
other alarms such as broadband (white noise) or self-adjusting alarms?
22. Are there types of vehicles or mobile equipment for which
adding technology such as cameras or proximity detection systems are
infeasible? Please explain.
23. Some vehicle operators have hearing loss. Do your radar and
proximity detection systems that provide audible warnings also provide
visual warnings?
24. For manufacturers of backing safety systems: do you provide any
form of training in the use of this equipment?
a. If yes, whom do you train--company representatives, end users,
and/or others?
b. If yes, what kind of training and training materials do you
provide?
c. Are there vehicles that are difficult to retrofit with a backing
safety system? Please explain.
25. For manufacturers of after-market backing safety systems: what
kinds of support do you provide to companies that purchase your
equipment? Do you suggest ways to mount the equipment?
26. Are there other types of proximity detection systems in use for
backing safety not described in this RFI? Is there any new,
commercially available, technology to enhance backing safety that OSHA
did not mention in this RFI? Please explain your response, including a
description of the technology and its availability in the United
States.
E. State Regulations
27. If your company must follow Virginia's (16VAC-25-97-10 et seq.)
or Washington's (WAC 296-155-610(2)(f)) backing regulations:
a. Do you use a spotter or a camera when backing?
b. How costly and difficult is it to comply with the regulations?
c. How do you train your employees?
d. Would phase-in periods make implementation of a regulation more
effective? Please explain your response.
e. Have you retrofitted vehicles? If so, please describe that
experience.
f. Did your backover incident rates change after implementation of
the regulation?
g. Have you faced any challenges with implementation? If so, what
are they?
F. Internal Traffic Control Plans
28. Internal traffic control plans regulate the flow of traffic in
work zones and may reduce the frequency of backing that occurs in work
zones. Does your company have an internal traffic control plan to aid
or reduce backing maneuvers?
29. Should companies use internal traffic control plans on
construction sites other than road construction? Please explain.
G. Training
30. Does your company have training requirements regarding backing
maneuvers? If yes:
a. Who receives training?
b. Is there specific training for operators of vehicles or
equipment that are involved in backing maneuvers?
c. Is there specific training for the designated spotters? Please
describe this training.
d. What is the length of the training programs offered?
31. If you train your employees on backing maneuvers, how often do
you conduct the training? Have you found a decrease in injuries since
implementing the training?
32. Should spotters receive specific training for backing
maneuvers?
33. Is backing maneuver training presented formally in a class or
provided informally on a jobsite?
34. If you have one or more employees who do not speak fluent
English, do you provide backing maneuver training for them in another
language? Would it be helpful to have training materials and guidelines
available in a language they can understand?
H. Economic Issues
35. In addition to backup alarms, what initial costs are needed for
safety measures associated with backing maneuvers? Please provide
specific information on these costs.
36. Do these safety measures for backing maneuvers affect daily
productivity? Please provide specific information on these productivity
costs.
37. Do the various technological systems (cameras and proximity
detection) save money or time if they replace spotters? Please explain.
38. Are your costs for general liability insurance or workers'
compensation insurance affected by the types of backup safety systems
you use? Please explain.
39. What property damage has resulted from backing accidents?
Please describe the types of accidents, the property damage involved,
and the value of the damaged property.
40. How, and to what extent, would promulgation of additional
standards that address hazards in backing maneuvers affect small
businesses in your industry?
41. Do special circumstances exist that would make additional
standards difficult or costly for small entities? Please describe these
circumstances.
42. Are there steps OSHA could take that would reduce the burden
and cost of improved backing safety measures for small businesses?
Please explain.
I. Scope
43. Should OSHA consider framing the problem in terms of the
dangers associated with workers being too close to dangerous moving
vehicles or mobile equipment, rather than focusing only on backover
incidents?
44. Are there non-regulatory alternatives the Agency should
consider?
45. What industry sectors, such as maritime or construction, have
higher risks or greater frequency of injuries? On what information do
you base your response?
J. References
All references in this list are available in OSHA Docket No.
OSHA-2010-0059, Preventing Backover Injuries and Fatalities.
ANSI A10.47-2009, Work Zone Safety for Highway Construction.
ANSI B56.1-2009, Safety Standard for Low Lift and High Lift Trucks.
RCW 46.37.400. Mirrors, backup devices.
16VAC25-97-10. Applicability.
16VAC25-97-30. Covered vehicle requirements.
16VAC25-97-40. Responsibilities while engaged in reverse signal
operation activities.
16VAC25-97-50. Training.
WAC 296-155-610(2)(f). Motor vehicles on construction sites.
Fairfax, R.E., Acting Director, Directorate of Construction, letter
to 20090429-9037, re: Permissible methods of operating trucks in
reverse on construction sites, March 2, 2010.
Hurwitz, D.S., Pradhan, A., Fisher, D., Knodler, M.A., Muttart,
J.W., Menon, R., Meissner, U. "Backing Collisions: a Study of
Drivers' Eye and Backing Behaviour Using Combined Rear-view Camera
and Sensor Systems," Injury Prevention, 16: 79-84, 2010.
Mazzae, E. and Garrott, R. National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration, "Evaluation of the Performance of Available
Backover Prevention Technologies for Light Vehicles," The 20th
International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of
Vehicles Conference, Paper Number 07-0292, 2006.
Mazzae, E. and Garrott, W.R. National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration, "Experimental Evaluation of the Performance of
Available Backover Prevention Technologies for Medium Straight
Trucks," DOT HS 810 865, November 2007.
Miles, Jr., J.B., Directorate of Field Operations, Memorandum for
Roger Clark, Regional Administrator, re: Interpretation of 29 CFR
1926.602(a)(9)(ii), January 21, 1987.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, "Fatalities and
Injuries in Motor Vehicle Backing Crashes," Report to Congress,
November 2008.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, "Vehicle Backover
Avoidance Technology Study," Report to Congress, November 2006.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Publication
2001-109, "Preventing Injuries and Deaths of Workers Who Operate or
Work Near Forklifts," 2001.
OSHA Backing Injuries 2007-2009, Region 9 Spreadsheet.
OSHA Backing Fatalities 2005-2010 Spreadsheet.
Pegula, S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Fatal occupational injuries
at road construction sites, 2003-07," Monthly Labor Review,
November 2010.
Pratt, S.G., Fosbroke, D.E, Marsh, S.M. National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health, Publication No. 2001-128, "Building
Safer Highway Work Zones: Measures to Prevent Worker Injuries from
Vehicles and Equipment," April 2001.
Robertson, T. Eugene Fire and EMS Department, "Personnel Noise
Exposure to Fire Apparatus Backup Alarms: Eugene Fire and EMS,"
March 1998.
Ruff, T.M. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
"Evaluation of Systems to Monitor Blind Areas Behind Trucks Used in
Road Construction and Maintenance: Phase 1," Report of
Investigations 9660, February 2003.
Ruff, T.M. "Monitoring Blind Spots: A Major Concern for Haul
Trucks," Engineering and Mining Journal, December 2001, 202(12).
Ruff, T.M. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
"Test Results of Collision Warning Systems for Surface Mining Dump
Trucks," Report of Investigations 9652, May 2000.
Suter, A.H. "Construction Noise: Exposure, Effects, and the
Potential for Remediation; A Review and Analysis," American
Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 63: 768-789, November/
December 2002.
Swanson, R., Director, Directorate of Construction, letter re:
Alternatives to common back-up alarms on construction motor
vehicles; use of other effective technology or observers/signal
persons, September 27, 2004.
Authority and Signature
David Michaels, Ph.D., MPH, Assistant Secretary of Labor for
Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Labor, authorized
the preparation of this notice pursuant to Sections 4, 6, and 8 of the
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, 655, 657),
29 CFR part 1911, and Secretary's Order 1-2012 (77 FR 3192).
Signed at Washington, DC, on March 23, 2012.
David Michaels,
Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health.
[FR Doc. 2012-7510 Filed 3-28-12; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4510-26-P
