C₅H₄O₂

fural; 2-furancarboxaldehyde; furfuraldehyde; 2-furfuraldehyde

5 ppm (20 mg/m³)

0.2 ppm [2016]

2 ppm (8 mg/m³)

Y

N

Y

Y

See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1.

See Appendix D - Substances with No Established RELs.

BEI®

100 ppm

2 ppm/10 ppm/50 ppm

NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Furfural

NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Furfural

Literature References

• ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Furfural. See annual publication for most recent information.
• U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System: Furfural (CASRN 98-01-1).
• U.S. EPA Multi-Year Workplan for Conventional Pesticide Registration.
• Adams, T.B., et al.: The FEMA GRAS assessment of furfural used as a flavour ingredient. Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Food Chem. Toxicol. 35(8): 739-751, 1997.
• Arts, J.H.E., de Heer, C. and Woutersen, R.A.: Local effects in the respiratory tract: relevance of subjectively measured irritation for setting occupational exposure limits. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 79(4): 283-298, 2006.
• Arts, J.H., Muijser, H., Appel, M.J., Frieke Kuper, C. Bessems, J.G. and Woutersen, R.A.: Subacute (28-day) toxicity of furfural in Fischer 344 rats: a comparison of the oral and inhalation route. Food. Chem. Toxicol. 42(9): 1389-1399, 2004.
• Boylstein, R., Piacitelli, C., Grote, A., Kanwal, R., Kullman, G. and Kreiss, K.: Diacetyl emissions and airborne dust from butter flavorings used in microwave popcorn production. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 3(10): 530-535, 2006.
• Ewing, A., Phelka, A., Ball, G. and McLellan, C.: Human health risk assessment of furfural to determine drinking water action levels (Abstract). Toxicologist 78(Suppl. 1): 151, 2004.
• Flek, J. and Šedivec, V.: The absorption, metabolism and excretion of furfural in man. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 41(3): 159-168, 1978.
• Hollmann, R., Hort, C.E., Kammer, E., Naegele, M., Sigrist, M.W. and Meuli-Simmen, C.: Smoke in the operating theater: an unregarded source of danger. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 114(2): 458-463, 2004.
• Mishra, A., et al.: Pathological and biochemical alterations induced by inhalation of furfural vapor in rat lung. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 47(): 668-674, 1991.
• NIOSH Alert: Preventing Lung Disease in Workers Who Use or Make Flavorings. HHS (NIOSH) Publication Number 2004-110.
• No authors listed: 2-Furaldehyde. Concise international chemical assessment document 21. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2000, 43 pp.
• No authors listed: Furfural. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum. 63: 409-429, 1995.
• Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Furfural. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 1. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 1196-1198.
• Rodriguez-Kabana, R., Kloepper, J.W., Weaver, C.F. and Robertson, D.G.: Control of plant parasitic nematodes with furfural: a naturally occurring fumigant. Nematropica 23(1): 63-73, 1993.