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Safety and Health Topics: |
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| Vinyl Chloride |
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General Description
Synonyms: Chloroethene; Chloroethylene; Ethylene monochloride; Monochloroethene; Monochloroethylene; VC; Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM)
OSHA IMIS Code Number: 2580
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number: 75-01-4
NIOSH, Registry of Toxic Effects (RTECS) Identification Number: KU9625000
Department of Transportation Regulation Number (49 CFR 172.101) and Guide: 1086 116P
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Vinyl Chloride: chemical description, physical properties, potentially hazardous incompatibilities, and more
Exposure Limits
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for General Industry: 29 CFR 1910.1017 - Vinyl Chloride -- 1 ppm TWA; 0.5 ppm Action Level
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for Construction Industry: 29 CFR 1926.1117 - Vinyl Chloride requirements identical to 1910.1017
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for Maritime: 29 CFR 1915.1017 - Vinyl Chloride requirements identical to 1910.1017
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 1 ppm TWA; Appendix A1 - Confirmed Human Carcinogen
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Limit (REL): Appendix A - NIOSH Potential Occupational Carcinogens
Health Factors
National Toxicology Program (NTP) carcinogenic classification: Known to be a Human Carcinogen
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) carcinogenic classification: Group 1, carcinogenic to humans
Potential symptoms: Weakness, dizziness, drowsiness; headache, weight loss; abdominal pain, GI bleeding; liver enlargement, fibrosis, cirrhosis; spleen enlargement; pallor or cyanosis of extremeties; eye redness, pain; frostbite (on contact with liquid); (carcinogenic)
Health Effects: Liver cancer---Angiosarcoma (HE1); Irritation-Eyes, Nose, Throat, Skin---Mild (HE16); Explosive, Flammable (HE18)
Affected organs: Liver, CNS, blood, respiratory system, lymphatic system
Note: At low exposure levels, vinyl chloride is metabolized via alcohol dehydrogenase to monochloroacetic acid (excreted in urine). At higher levels, it is metabolized by CYP2E1 to intermediate reactive metabolites, chloroethylene oxide and chloroacetaldehyde, which can form adducts with DNA. Susceptibility to liver damage may be related to genetic differences in metabolizing enzymes.
Date Last Revised: 08/05/2003
Literature Basis:
- International Chemical Safety Cards (WHO/IPCC/ILO): Vinyl chloride.
- Lewis, R.: Vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride. Occup. Med. 14(4): 719-741, 1999.
- Huang, C.Y., Huang, K.L., Cheng, T.J., Wang, J.D. and Hsieh, L.L.: The GST T1 and CYP2E1 genotypes are possible factors causing vinyl chloride induced abnormal liver function. Arch. Toxicol. 71(8): 482-488, 1997.
- Li, Y., Marion, M.J., Ho, R., Cheng, T.J., Coulibaly, D., Rosal, R. and Brandt-Rauf, P.W.: Polymorphisms for vinyl chloride metabolism in French vinyl chloride workers. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health 16(1): 55-59, 2003.
Monitoring Methods used by OSHA
Laboratory Sampling/Analytical Method:
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sampling media: Carbosieve S-III (130/65 mg sections, 60/80 mesh)
analytical solvent: 99:1 (v/v) Carbon Disulfide/Dimethylformamide
maximum volume: 3 Liters maximum flow rate: 0.05 L/min (TWA & STEL)
current analytical method: Gas Chromatography; GC/FID
method reference: OSHA Manual of Analytical Methods (OSHA 75)
method classification: Fully Validated
note: Submit as a separate sample. Refrigerate samples and analyze as soon as possible.
On-Site Sampling Techniques/Methods:
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device: Detector Tube
manufacturer: Gastec
model/type: 131La
sampling information: 0.5 to 4 strokes
upper measurement limit: 54 ppm
detection limit: 0.05 ppm
overall uncertainty: 16% for 1 to 6 ppm, 8% for 6 to 20 ppm
method reference: on-site air secondary (SEI Certified)
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device: Detector Tube
manufacturer: Matheson-Kitagawa
model/type: 8014-132SA
sampling information: follow manufacturer's instructions
upper measurement limit: 1%
detection limit: approximately 0.05%
overall uncertainty: unknown
method reference: on-site air secondary (SEI Certified)
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| Revised: 26 March 2004 |
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