Chemical Sampling Information

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Chemical Sampling Information (CSI)

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General Description

Synonyms: White spirits; Mineral spirits; Dry cleaning safety solvent; Petroleum solvent; Naphtha solvent; Spotting naphtha

OSHA IMIS Code Number: 2270

Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number: 8052-41-3

NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) Identification Number: WJ8925000

Department of Transportation Regulation Number (49 CFR 172.101) and 2012 Emergency Response Guidebook [4 MB PDF, 392 pages]: 1268 128 (petroleum distillates, n.o.s.)

NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Stoddard Solvent: Physical description, chemical properties, potentially hazardous incompatibilities, and more

Exposure Limits and Health Effects

Exposure Limit	Limit Values	HE Codes	Health Factors and Target Organs
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) - General Industry See 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1	500 ppm (2,900 mg/m³) TWA	HE8	Narcosis
	500 ppm (2,900 mg/m³) TWA	HE15	Eye irritation
OSHA PEL - Construction Industry See 29 CFR 1926.55 Appendix A	200 ppm (1,150 mg/m³) TWA	HE8	Narcosis
	200 ppm (1,150 mg/m³) TWA	HE15	Eye irritation
OSHA PEL - Shipyard Employment See 29 CFR 1915.1000 Table Z-Shipyards	200 ppm (1,150 mg/m³) TWA	HE8	Narcosis
	200 ppm (1,150 mg/m³) TWA	HE15	Eye irritation
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Limit (REL)	350 mg/m³ TWA 1,800 mg/m³ Ceiling (15 minutes)	HE7	Dizziness
	350 mg/m³ TWA 1,800 mg/m³ Ceiling (15 minutes)	HE15	Eye, nose, throat, and skin irritation
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV) (2001)	100 ppm (525 mg/m³) TWA	HE3	Kidney damage
		HE8	Narcosis
		HE15	Eye and skin irritation, dermatitis, defatting of skin
CAL/OSHA PEL	100 ppm (525 mg/m³) TWA	HE3	Kidney damage
		HE8	Narcosis
		HE15	Eye and skin irritation, dermatitis, defatting of skin

National Toxicology Program (NTP) carcinogenic classification: Not listed

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) carcinogenic classification: Not listed

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) carcinogenic classification: Not listed

EPA Inhalation Reference Concentration (RfC): Not established

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Inhalation Minimal Risk Level (MRL): Not established

NIOSH Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) concentration: 20,000 mg/m³

Notes on Other Potential Health Effects and Hazards

Explosive vapor/air mixtures may be formed at temperatures above 21°C (NIOSH/IPCS 2004).
Case studies involving exposures to Stoddard solvent found associations with glomerulonephritis and acquired color vision loss (dyschromatopsia) (ATSDR 1995).
While IARC has yet to evaluate petroleum solvents as a whole, it has determined that some petroleum distillates are probably carcinogenic to those working in petroleum refining (ATSDR 1995).
In addition to kidney lesions in male rats caused by the accumulation of α₂-microglobulin (a protein not produced by humans), two-year inhalation studies of Stoddard Solvent II(c) by NTP in rats and mice found an increased incidence of adrenal medulla neoplasms (pheochromocytoma) only in male rats and a slight increase of liver adenomas only in female mice (NTP 2004).
The half-lives in blood of three of the chemicals in Stoddard solvent ranged from 2.1 to 7.5 hours for 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene; 0.8 to 7.0 hours for n-decane; and 1.3 to 4.1 hours for n-undecane in nine healthy male volunteers exposed for two hours to 300 mg solvent/m³ of air. The recovery of 3,4-dimethylhippuric acid, a major metabolite of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, in urine over 22 hours ranged from 23% to 31% of the net respiratory uptake of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (Järnberg et al. 1998).
Chronic exposure of shoe-manufacturing workers to the solvent in glue at a level close to 500 mg/m³ was reportedly associated with significant deficits in various neuropsychological tests, including the Bender Test, Dots Location Test, and Kraepelin Test, indicating fatigability and decreased ability to perform work requiring long-term concentration (Bazylewica-Walczak et al. 1990).

Date Last Revised: 12/11/2012

Literature Basis

ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Stoddard Solvent. 2001.
ATSDR: Toxicological Profile for Stoddard Solvent [3 MB PDF, 169 pages]. 1995.
Bazylewicz-Walczak, B., Marzal-Wisniewska, M. and Siuda, A.: The psychological effects of chronic exposure to white spirit in rubber industry workers. Pol. J. Occup. Med. 3(1): 117-127, 1990.
Järnberg, J., Johanson, G., Lof, A. and Stahlbom, B.: Toxicokinetics of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene in humans exposed to vapors of white spirit: comparison with exposure to 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene alone. Arch. Toxicol. 72(8): 483-491, 1998.
NTP: NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Stoddard Solvent IIC (CAS No. 64742-88-7) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies) [2 MB PDF, 279 pages]. Natl. Toxicol. Program Tech. Rep. Ser. (519): 1-274, September 2004.
NIOSH: Occupational Health Guideline for Stoddard Solvent. 1978.
NIOSH/IPCS: International Chemical Safety Cards - Stoddard Solvent. April 22, 2004.

Monitoring Methods used by OSHA

Laboratory Sampling/Analytical Method:

sampling media: Charcoal Tube (100/50 mg sections, 20/40 mesh)
analytical solvent: Carbon Disulfide

alternate solvent:

maximum volume:

maximum flow rate:

current analytical method:

method reference:

OSHA 48

method classification:

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