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Chemical Sampling Information |
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| Naphthalene |
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General Description
Synonyms: Napthalin; Tar camphor; White tar
OSHA IMIS Code Number: 1810
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number: 91-20-3
NIOSH, Registry of Toxic Effects (RTECS) Identification Number: QJ0525000
Department of Transportation Regulation Number (49 CFR 172.101) and Guide: 1334 133 (crude or refined); 2304 133 (molten)
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Naphthalene: chemical description, physical properties, potentially hazardous incompatibilities, and more
Exposure Limits
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for General Industry: 29 CFR 1910.1000 Z-1 Table -- 10 ppm, 50 mg/m3 TWA
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for Construction Industry: 29 CFR 1926.55 Appendix A -- 10 ppm, 50 mg/m3 TWA
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for Maritime: 29 CFR 1915.1000 Table Z-Shipyards -- 10 ppm, 50 mg/m3 TWA
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 10 ppm, 52 mg/m3 TWA; 15 ppm, 79 mg/m3 STEL; Skin; Appendix A4 - Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Limit (REL): 10 ppm, 50 mg/m3 TWA, 15 ppm, 75 mg/m3 STEL
Health Factors
National Toxicology Program (NTP) carcinogenic classification: Reasonably Anticipated to be Human Carcinogen
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) carcinogenic classification: Group 2B, Possibly Carcinogenic to Humans
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) carcinogenic classification: Group C, Possible Human Carcinogen
NIOSH Immediately Dangerous To Life or Health Concentration (IDLH): 250 ppm
Potential symptoms: Eye irritation; headache; confusion, excitement; malaise; nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain; bladder irritation; profuse sweating; jaundice; hematuria (blood in the urine; dark urine), renal shutdown; dermatitis, optical neuritis, corneal damage; cataracts.
Health Effects: Irritation-Eye, Nose, Throat, Skin---Marked (HE14); Ocular damage (HE3); Hemolytic anemia (HE12)
Affected organs: Eyes, skin, blood, liver, kidneys, CNS
Notes:
- Cataracts (pinpoint lenticular opacities) were reported to not interfere with vision.
- CNS damage known as kernicterus has occurred in infants secondary to naphthalene-induced hemolysis and resulting jaundice. No reports of occupational kernicterus were found.
- Susceptibility to naphthalene-induced hemolytic anemia is increased in newborn infants and also by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.
- Naphthalene is metabolized by cytochrome P450s (e.g., CYP2E1) to an epoxide intermediate, which yields further metabolites, including those thought to mediate the toxic effects of naphthalene, 1,2- and 1,4-naphthoquinone.
- Naphthalene in expired air has been studied as a biomarker of dermal and inhalational exposure to jet fuel, but the elimination in breath is fairly rapid, with a half-time of 19-25 minutes.
- Occupational monitoring of naphthalene exposure usually involves the measurement of the urinary metabolites, 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol.
- EPA's oral reference dose (daily oral exposure likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime) for naphthalene is 0.02 mg/kg/day, and its reference concentration (RfC) is 0.003 mg/m3.
Date Last Revised: 09/01/2005
Literature Basis:
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards: Naphthalene.
- International Chemical Safety Cards (WHO/IPCS/ILO): Naphthalene.
- EPA Air Toxics Website: Naphthalene. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technology Transfer Network.
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR): Toxicological profile for naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene. U.S. Government Printing Office 1995-639-298, 200 pp., 1995.
- Egeghy, P.P., Hauf-Cabalo, L., Gibson, R. and Rappaport, S.M.: Benzene and naphthalene in air and breath as indicators of exposure to jet fuel. Occup. Environ. Med. 60(12): 969-976, 2003.
- Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Naphthalene. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 2. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 1650-1653.
- Preuss, R., Angerer, J. and Drexler, H.: Naphthalene?an environmental and occupational toxicant. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 76(8): 556-576, 2003.
- Serdar, B., Egeghy, P.P., Gibson, R. and Rappaport, S.M.: Dose-dependent production of urinary naphthols among workers exposed to jet fuel (JP-8). Am. J. Ind. Med. 46(3): 234-244, 2004.
- Wilson, A.S., Davis, C.D., Williams, D.P., Buckpitt, A.R., Pirmohamed, M. and Park, B.K.: Characterization of the toxic metabolite(s) of naphthalene. Toxicology 114(3): 233-242, 1996.
Monitoring Methods used by OSHA
Laboratory Sampling/Analytical Method:
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sampling media: Chromosorb 106 Tube (100/50 mg sections, 60/80 mesh)
analytical solvent: Carbon Disulfide
maximum volume: 10 Liters maximum flow rate: 0.2 L/min (TWA)
maximum volume: 3 Liters maximum flow rate: 0.2 L/min (STEL)
current analytical method: Gas Chromatography; GC/FID
method reference: OSHA Analytical Method (OSHA 35)
method classification: Fully Validated
note: Submit as a separate sample.
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