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Chemical Sampling Information |
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| Epichlorohydrin |
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General Description
Synonyms: 1-Chloro-2,3-epoxy-propane; 2-Chloropropylene oxide; gamma-Chloropropylene oxide; Composite Constituent
OSHA IMIS Code Number: 0645
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number: 106-89-8
NIOSH, Registry of Toxic Effects (RTECS) Identification Number: TX4900000
Department of Transportation Regulation Number (49 CFR 172.101) and Guide: 2023 131P [27 KB PDF]
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Epichlorohydrin: chemical description, physical properties, potentially hazardous incompatibilities, and more
Exposure Limits
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for General Industry: 29 CFR 1910.1000 Z-1 Table -- 5 ppm, 19 mg/m3 TWA; Skin
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for Construction Industry: 29 CFR 1926.55 Appendix A -- 5 ppm, 19 mg/m3 TWA; Skin
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for Maritime: 29 CFR 1915.1000 Table Z-Shipyards -- 5 ppm, 19 mg/m3 TWA; Skin
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 0.5 ppm TWA; Skin; Appendix A3 - Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Limit (REL): Appendix A - NIOSH Potential Occupational Carcinogens
Health Factors
National Toxicology Program (NTP) carcinogenic classification: Reasonably Anticipated to be Human Carcinogen [208 KB PDF]
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) carcinogenic classification: Group 2A, probably carcinogenic to humans [381 KB PDF]
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) carcinogenic classification: Group B2, Probable human carcinogen
NIOSH Immediately Dangerous To Life or Health Concentration (IDLH): 75 ppm
Potential symptoms: Irritation of eyes, skin with deep pain; abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting; headache; sore throat, cough, respiratory distress (labored breathing, shortness of breath), pulmonary edema (may be delayed); skin pain, burns, blisters (may be delayed), sensitization; cyanosis; reproductive effects; [potential occupational carcinogen]; INGES. ACUTE: Abdominal cramps, diarrhea, burning sensation in throat, chest; shock or collapse.
Health Effects: Irritation-Eye, Skin---Marked/Skin sensitization, permanent loss of vision (HE14); Asthma (HE9); Suspect Carcinogen/mutagen (HE2); Kidney and liver damage (HE3)
Affected organs: Eyes, skin, respiratory system, kidneys, liver, reproductive system
Notes:
- Epichlorohydrin is an OSHA Select Carcinogen
- EPA’s inhalation reference concentration (daily inhalational exposure likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime) for epichlorhydrin is 1 µg/m3.
- It has been suggested that occupational exposure to epichlorohydrin concentrations less than 0.2 ppm may be associated with abnormalities of lung function.
- The major urinary metabolite of chlorohydrin in rats is 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid.
- Attempts to monitor occupational exposure have included the measurement of N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)valine in hemoglobin, but baseline levels of this adduct vary greatly in non-exposed workers and are significantly increased 2-4 fold in smokers compared with non-smokers.
- Studies in rodents indicate that epichlorohydrin (or an active metabolite) also forms adducts with DNA and RNA.
Date Last Revised: 06/13/2006
Literature Basis:
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards: Epichlorohydrin.
- International Chemical Safety Cards (WHO/IPCS/ILO): Epichlorohydrin.
- U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System: Epichlorohydrin (CASRN 106-89-8).
- De Rooij, B.M., Commandeur, J.N., Ramcharan, J.R., Schuilenburg, H.C., Van Baar, B.L. and Vermeulen, N.P.: Identification and quantitative determination of 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid and alpha-chlorohydrin in urine of rats treated with epichlorohydrin. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Appl. 685(2): 241-250, 1996.
- Hindsø Landin, H., Grummt, T. Laurent, C. and Tates, A.: Monitoring of occupational exposure to epichlorohydrin by genetic effects and hemoglobin adducts. Mutat. Res. 381(2): 217-226, 1997.
- Luo, J.-C., Cheng, T.-J., Kuo, H.-W. and Chang, M.J.W.: Decreased lung function associated with occupational exposure to epichlorohydrin and the modification effects of glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 46(3): 280-286, 2004.
- Mazzullo, M., Colacci, A., Grilli, S., Prodi, G. and Arfellini, G.: In vivo and in vitro binding of epichlorohydrin to nucleic acids. Cancer Lett. 23(1): 81-90, 1984.
- No Author: Epichlorohydrin, CAS No. 106-89-8 [208 KB PDF]. Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program, 2005.
- Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Epichlorohydrin. In, Sittig’s Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 1. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 1015-1017.
Monitoring Methods used by OSHA
Laboratory Sampling/Analytical Method:
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sampling media: Charcoal Tube (100/50 mg sections, 20/40 mesh)
analytical solvent: Carbon disulfide
alternate analytical solvent: (99:1) Carbon Disulfide:Dimethylformamide
maximum volume: 20 Liters maximum flow rate: 0.2 L/min
current analytical method: Gas Chromatography; GC/FID
method reference: NIOSH Analytical Method (NIOSH 1010) [21 KB PDF]
method classification: Fully Validated
Wipe Sampling Method:
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sampling media: Charcoal pad
note: Seal in glass vial for shipment.
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