Robert A. Curtis, Director
US DOL/OSHA Health Response Team
Presentation on April 12, 1995
National Association of Broadcasters
Broadcast Engineering Conference
Las Vegas, NV
ABSTRACT
OSHA recognizes that its most effective activities, including inspections,
are those which encourage employers to implement their own comprehensive safety and health
program. For work sites involving potentially hazardous radio frequency radiation, OSHA
compliance officers should evaluate the RF protection component of the overall program.
This presentation outlines the elements of a comprehensive RF Protection Program. These
include the implementation of appropriate protective policies based on the potential for
excessive RF exposures. Therefore, RF exposure assessments, often requiring direct
measurement, are performed to evaluate the effectiveness of RF controls; to ensure proper
maintenance of RF radiating equipment; to develop work practices to minimize exposures; to
obtain information to be used in training workers regarding their potential hazards and
how they are controlled; to identify "RF Hazard" zones and other areas requiring
signs and training: to determine the need for medical surveillance; as an alternative or
enhancement of Lockout/Tagout procedures; to evaluate the effectiveness of RF personal
protective equipment; and as a periodic audit of the effectiveness of the RF Protection
Program. Based on literally hundreds of RF surveys conducted by the author, it is
concluded that effective control of RF hazards depends primarily on the commitment to
these Program elements, and not on sophisticated RF survey equipment or expertise.
To minimize the risk of adverse health effects, radiofrequency (RF) fields as well as
induced and contact currents must be in compliance with applicable guidelines (e.g.,
ICNIRP, ANSI, ACGIH). Reduction in RF exposures can be accomplished through the
implementation of appropriate, administrative, work practice and engineering controls.
These various controls are the elements of an RF Protection Program, and part of an
employer's comprehensive safety and health program. The following outlines the principal
elements of the RF Protection Program, and the role of RF measurements in implementing the
program.
Element 1: Utilization of RF source equipment which meet applicable RF and other
safety standards when new and during the time of use, including after any modifications.
- Manufacturers of RF source equipment are responsible for making equipment that complies
with applicable standards, and for providing information on the hazards of operating and
servicing the equipment. The information must be sufficient to alert the end-user of
potential hazards and necessary controls applicable to using the equipment. Manufacturers
are therefore required to make detailed RF emission measurements of their products.
Appropriate RF survey results should be provided to the end-user for comparison purposes.
- For many low-power products, such as cellular phones, no additional measurements are
required by the end-user.
- For other products, the users should conduct RF "screening" measurements of
equipment emissions after installation, major maintenance, and any modifications which
could effect RF emissions. Significant deviations from previous measurements should be
resolved.
Element 2: RF hazard identification and periodic surveillance by a competent person
who can effectively assess RF exposures.
- Screening measurements are normally sufficient to identify potentially hazardous RF
areas which will require some control strategy, such as to determine where a fence should
be located. More complex measurements are necessary if the employer intends to allow
exposures to employees approaching RF standards. For example, detailed measurements are
necessary if whole-body and/or time-weighted averaging of exposures is necessary to bring
exposures into compliance.
- RF fields can induce currents in nearby conducting objects, such as a metal barrier or
fence used to restrict access to RF hazard areas. These must be evaluated to ensure they
do not constitute RF shock and burn hazards. Although detail measurements can be made, the
"measurement" of startling/annoying RI spark discharge can usually be made by a
quick touch.
Element 3: Identification and Control of RF Hazard Areas.
- Controlling exposure time and the distance between the RF source and the operator are
important in maintaining workers' exposures below recommended levels. When necessary due
to excessive leakage, "RF hazard areas" must be identified to alert workers of
areas that are not to be occupied during RF application. The location of the hazard areas
must be based on exposure measurements made during maximum field generation and duty
factor (i.e., ratio of RF "on" time during any 6 minute period, assuming
intermittent exposure).
- Access to RF hazard areas should be controlled with standard Lockout/Tagout procedures
(ref. 29 CFR 1910.147) to ensure workers are not occupying these areas during the
application of RF energy. It maybe possible to use continuous monitors and/or personal
monitors in lieu of, or to supplement, more traditional Lockout/Tagout procedures which
lockout the RF power source.
- The RF hazard areas shall be clearly marked with appropriate signs, barricades, floor
markings, etc. such that any worker who has access to the facility will be alerted not to
occupy the hazardous locations. Signs shall be of standard design and shape (ref ANSI C95.
1), and of sufficient size to be recognizable and readable from a safe distance.
- Screening measurements can be used to determine where to locate signs to alert workers
approaching an RF hazard area, including the appropriate warning message on the sign
(e.g., Notice, Caution, Danger).
- The evacuation of hazard areas prior to RF application must be strictly enforced. For
example, a procedure which requires an RF sealer operator to first load the sealer, step
back 2 meters to get outside the RF hazard area prior to activating the RF energy, and
then walk back to unload the sealer will be difficult to enforce. The additional time
required and increased operator fatigue will discourage operators from following such
procedures, particularly for workers who are paid on a piecework production basis.
Element 4: Implementation of controls to reduce RF exposures to levels in compliance
with applicable guidelines (e.g., ANSI, ICNIRP), including the establishment of safe work
practice procedures.
- Reliance on averaging is normally not "recommended when establishing basic control
strategies because it obligates the employer to conduct "measurement" of
employee activity to ensure the averaging is applicable, such as timing an employee's
access inside an area which can not be occupied for 6 minutes without exceeding the
allowable time-weighted exposure. Where possible, controls should be establish under the
assumption that standards are not time-weighted, i.e., assume the standards are ceiling
limits which are not to be exceeded.
- Measurements are necessary during the development of work practices to ensure the
practices are effective in preventing excessive exposures. Detailed measurements are
required if exposures are approaching guideline limits as discussed above.
- Appropriate work practices must be followed during the repair and maintenance of RF
equipment. Occasionally, cabinet panels must be removed by service personnel to allow
access for maintenance. Failure to replace a panel properly may result in excessive RF
leakage. RF screening measurements can be used to determine which panels can be removed
during operation (assuming other hazards, such as electrical shock, are controlled), and
to ensure the shielding is reinstalled properly.
- Detailed measurements must be made by the manufacturers' of RF personal protective
equipment (PPE) to show its effectiveness and limitations. Limited measurements are
necessary by the user to ensure the PPE is applicable and effective for the specific
worksite conditions.
Element 5: RF safety and health training to ensure that all employees understand the
RF hazards to which they may be exposed and the means by which the hazards are controlled.
- Measurement of worker exposures is necessary so that this information can be provided as
part of employee hazard training. The scope of training, including reviews of potential
biological effects, will be dependent on measured exposure levels.
Element 6: Employee involvement in the structure and operation of the program and in
decisions that affect their safety and health, to make full use of their insight and to
encourage their understanding and commitment to the safe work practices established.
- RF screening measurements should be made in the presence of employees to facilitate
understanding and confidence in the program.
Element 7: Implementation of an appropriate medical surveillance program.
- RF measurements are necessary "to determine the need and scope of medical
surveillance. For example, medical. surveillance may consists of a means to report the
occurrence of RF burns, implanted medical devices (e.g., copper IUD), or the sensation of
non-routine heating as a means of identifying potential problem areas. A medical exam
maybe appropriate for "accidental" exposures defined as an exposure above some
measured trigger level.
- Although not required for compliance with existing standards, RF exposure data is
necessary to enhance epidemiology studies of RF biological effects.
Element 8: Periodic (e.g., annual) reviews of the effectiveness of the program so
that deficiencies can be identified and resolved.
- Periodic RF screening measurements are necessary to ensure conditions have not changed
and that the RF Protection Program continues to be effective in preventing excessive RF
exposures.
Element 9: Assignment of responsibilities, including the necessary authority and
resources to implement and enforce all aspects of the RF protection program.
- Although this element does not directly require RF measurements, it is included for
completeness of the list of RF Program elements. Without the commitment to the Program, as
demonstrated by the assignment of necessary responsibility, authority and resources, the
previous elements will not be effective.
As described above, a variety of RF measurements are necessary for an effective RF
Protection Program. Usually RF screening measurements are adequate unless control
strategies allow exposures approaching RF limits. Detailed RF measurements are required of
manufacturers of RF products (e.g., RF transmitters, PPE, RF meters) to document their
effectiveness and limitations. The effectiveness of the RF Protection Program depends
primarily on an employer's understanding and commitment to the listed Program elements,
rather than on sophisticated RF survey equipment or measurement procedures.
|
Back to Top
www.osha.gov
