Disclaimer: The information contained in these guidelines is intended for reference purposes only. It provides a summary of information about chemicals that workers may be exposed to in their workplaces. The information may be superseded by new developments in the field of industrial hygiene. Readers are therefore advised to regard these recomendations as general guidelines and to determine whether new information is available.

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH GUIDELINE FOR TURPENTINE

INTRODUCTION

This guideline summarizes pertinent information about turpentine for workers and employers as well as for physicians, industrial hygienists, and other occupational safety and health professionals who may need such information to conduct effective occupational safety and health programs. Recommendations may be superseded by new developments in these fields; readers are therefore advised to regard these recommendations as general guidelines and to determine periodically whether new information is available.

SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION

* Formula

C(10)H(16) (approximate formula); turpentine has a minimum alpha-pinene content of 40 percent by weight

* Structure

(For Structure, see paper copy)

* Synonyms

Gum spirits, turps, gum thus, D.D. turpentine, wood turpentine, oil of turpentine, rectified turpentine oil, spirits of turpentine, sulfate wood turpentine, sulfate turpentine, gum turpentine, steam-distilled turpentine.

* Identifiers

1. CAS 8006-64-2.

2. RTECS YO8400000.

3. DOT UN: 1299 27.

4. DOT label: None if gum spirits; Flammable Liquid if wood spirits.

* Appearance and odor

Turpentine is a volatile mixture of hydrocarbon isomers obtained either from pine gum or pine wood. Gum turpentine is a yellowish, sticky, opaque, combustible material; the wood distillate (oil of turpentine) is a flammable, colorless liquid with a characteristic odor.

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

* Physical data (properties vary with the specific product)

1. Molecular weight: Approximately 136.

2. Boiling point (760 torr): 150 to 180 degrees C (302 to 356 degrees F).

3. Specific gravity (water = 1): 0.86 to 0.90 at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F).

4. Vapor density (air = 1 at boiling point of turpentine): 4.6 to 4.8.

5. Melting point: -50 to -60 degrees C (-58 to -76 degrees F).

6. Vapor pressure at 20 degrees C (68 degrees F): 5 torr.

7. Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and glacial acetic acid.

8. Evaporation rate (butyl acetate = 1): Below 1.0.

* Reactivity

1. Conditions contributing to instability: Heat, exposure to air in a confined space, and sources of ignition.

2. Incompatibilities: Contact of turpentine with oxidation catalysts or with strong oxidizing agents (especially chlorine) may cause fires and explosions.

3. Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic gases and vapors (such as carbon monoxide and the partial oxidation products of terpenes) may be released in a fire involving turpentine.

4. Special precautions: Turpentine attacks some coatings and some forms of plastic and rubber.

* Flammability

The National Fire Protection Association has assigned a flammability rating of 3 (severe fire hazard) to turpentine.

1. Flash point: 35 degrees C (95 degrees F) (closed cup).

2. Autoignition temperature: 253 degrees C (488 degrees F).

3. Flammable limits in air (percent by volume): Lower, 0.8; upper, Data not available.

4. Extinguishant: Use water fog, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide to fight fires involving turpentine. A water spray may be ineffective, but it may be used to cool fire-exposed containers. If a leak or spill has not ignited, water spray also may be used to disperse vapors and to protect persons attempting to stop the leak.

Fires involving turpentine should be fought upwind and from the maximum distance possible. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Emergency personnel should stay out of low areas and ventilate closed spaces before entering. Vapor explosion and poison hazards may occur indoors, outdoors, or in sewers. Vapors may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. Containers of turpentine may explode in the heat of the fire and should be moved from the fire area if it is possible to do so safely. If this is not possible, cool containers from the sides with water until well after the fire is out. Stay away from the ends of containers. Personnel should withdraw immediately if a rising sound from a venting safety device is heard or if there is discoloration of a container due to fire. Dikes should be used to contain fire-control water for later disposal. If a tank car or truck is involved in a fire, personnel should isolate an area of a half a mile in all directions. Firefighters should wear a full set of protective clothing, including a self-contained breathing apparatus, when fighting fires involving turpentine. Firefighters' protective clothing may provide limited protection against fires involving turpentine.

* Warning properties

The odor threshold for turpentine is 200 parts per million (ppm) parts of air. Because this value is above the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) current permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 100 ppm [29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1-A], turpentine is considered to have inadequate warning properties.

* Eye irritation properties

The eye irritation threshold for turpentine is 175 ppm.

EXPOSURE LIMITS

The current OSHA PEL for turpentine is 100 ppm (560 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m(3)) of air) as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) concentration [29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1-A]. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has not issued a recommended exposure limit (REL) for turpentine; however, NIOSH concurs with the PEL established for this substance by OSHA [NIOSH 1988]. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has assigned turpentine a threshold limit value (TLV) of 100 ppm (560 mg/m(3)) as a TWA for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek [ACGIH 1988, p. 38]. The OSHA and ACGIH limits are based on the risk of irritation associated with exposure to turpentine.

HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION

* Routes of exposure

Exposure to turpentine can occur via inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption.

* Summary of toxicology

1. Effects on Animals: Turpentine is an eye, mucous membrane, and skin irritant and a central nervous system depressant in animals. The oral LD(50) in rats is 5760 mg/kg, and the LC(50) in the same species is 12 g/m(3) for 6 hours [RTECS 1989]. Cats exposed to a 540- to 720-ppm concentration of turpentine exhibited signs of immediate eye and mucous membrane irritation and had mild convulsions; at a concentration of 1440 ppm, they developed paralysis within 150 to 180 minutes [HSDB 1989]. No adverse effects were noted in dogs exposed to 180 ppm for 3.5 hours/day for 8 days [ACGIH 1986, p. 615]; however, raising the concentration to 818 ppm and exposing the dogs for 3.5 to 4.5 hours caused nausea, incoordination, mild paralysis, and weakness [Clayton and Clayton 1981, p. 3245]. Exposure of rats to a 12- to 20-mg/l (2150- to 3600-ppm) concentration for 1 to 6 hours and of mice to a 29-mg/l (5200-ppm) concentration for 2 hours produced seizures and apnea; at autopsy, however, no pulmonary lesions were noted in these animals [AIHA 1979]. Injection of turpentine into rabbits' eyes produced shrinkage of the orbit and corneal opacification [Grant 1986, p. 961]. In one study, dermal application of turpentine produced skin tumors in rabbits but not in mice [Clayton and Clayton 1981, p. 3245]; in another experiment, however, painting the skin of mice with 240 g/kg turpentine did cause tumors [RTECS 1989].

2. Effects on Humans: Turpentine is a skin, eye, mucous membrane, and upper respiratory tract irritant in humans. It may also cause skin sensitization and central nervous system, gastrointestinal, and urinary tract effects. The lowest estimated oral dose reported to be lethal in humans is 441 mg/kg [RTECS 1989]. Exposure to a 75-ppm concentration for 3 to 5 minutes irritates the nose and throat, and exposure to a 175-ppm concentration irritates the eyes and may be considered intolerable by human volunteers [Grant 1986, p. 961; Proctor, Hughes, and Fischman 1988, p. 500]. Ingestion of turpentine causes a burning pain in the mouth and throat, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, excitement, ataxia, confusion, stupor, seizures, fever, and tachycardia and may cause death due to respiratory failure [Proctor, Hughes, and Fischman 1988, p. 500]. Toxic glomerulonephritis and bladder irritation, with hematuria, albuminuria, oliguria, and dysuria, have been associated with overexposure to the vapor of turpentine in the past [AIHA 1979]; however, the more purified form of turpentine now in use appears to have decreased the incidence of or to have eliminated turpentine-induced nephritis [Proctor, Hughes, and Fischman 1988, p. 500]. Splashes of the liquid in the eye produce severe pain and blepharospasm; conjunctival redness and temporary corneal erosion may also occur, but these effects are reversible [Grant 1986, p. 961]. Chronic skin exposure to turpentine may produce a hypersensitivity reaction, with bullous dermatitis and/or eczema [Clayton and Clayton 1981, p. 3244; Sittig 1985, p. 907]. A case-control study of workers in particle-board, plywood, sawmill, and formaldehyde glue factories demonstrated a statistically significant association between chronic exposure (longer than 5 years) to terpenes (the principal component of turpentine) and the development of respiratory tract cancers [HSDB 1989].

* Signs and symptoms of exposure

1. Acute exposure: The signs and symptoms of acute inhalation exposure to turpentine may include irritation of the skin, eyes, mucous membranes, and upper respiratory tract; salivation, cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath; confusion, headache, dizziness, nausea, anxiety, painful urination, bloody urination, or decreased urine output. The signs and symptoms of turpentine ingestion include a burning sensation in the mouth and throat; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain; excitement, confusion, ataxia, stupor and seizures; fever; and increased heart rate.

2. Chronic exposure: The signs and symptoms of chronic exposure to turpentine include dermatitis or eczema, with irritation, redness, swelling, and small or large fluid-filled blisters on the skin. Workers exposed to terpenes (a principal component of turpentine) for longer than 5 years may also be at greater risk of developing lung cancer.

* Emergency procedures:

In the event of an emergency, remove the victim from further exposure, send for medical assistance, and initiate the following emergency procedures:

1. Eye exposure: If turpentine or a solution containing turpentine gets into the eyes, immediately flush the eyes with large amounts of water for a minimum of 15 minutes, lifting the lower and upper lids occasionally. Get medical attention as soon as possible.

2. Skin exposure: If turpentine or a solution containing turpentine contacts the skin, the contaminated skin should be washed with soap and water. If irritation persists or a large skin area was affected, get medical attention.

3. Inhalation: If turpentine vapors are inhaled, move the victim at once to fresh air and get medical care as soon as possible. If the victim is not breathing, perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation; if breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Keep the victim warm and quiet until medical help arrives.

4. Ingestion: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If turpentine or a solution containing turpentine is ingested, give the victim several glasses of water to drink. Get medical help immediately. Keep the victim warm and quiet until medical help arrives.

5. Rescue: Remove an incapacitated worker from further exposure and implement appropriate emergency procedures (e.g., those listed on the Material Safety Data Sheet required by OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200). All workers should be familiar with emergency procedures and the location and proper use of emergency equipment.

EXPOSURE SOURCES AND CONTROL METHODS

The following operations may involve turpentine and lead to worker exposures to this substance:

• Use in candy, baked goods, and chewing gum as a flavoring agent
• Manufacture of turpentine oil and gum rosin (from gum turpentine)
• Manufacture of synthetic pine oil; use in insecticides, beta-pinene resins, disinfectants, flavors, human and veterinary medicines, stimulating ointments, deodorizers, and perfumes
• Preparation of shoe, stove, furniture, and other polishes; manufacture of synthetic camphor and menthol, cleaning materials, inks, putty, mastics, cutting and grinding fluids, paint thinners, degreasing agents, and paints
• Use as a starting component in the production of a variety of volatile bases
• Use as a solvent and thinner for paints, varnishes, waxes, resins, fats, oils, lacquers, and rubber

Methods that are effective in controlling worker exposures to turpentine, depending on the feasibility of implementation, are

• Process enclosure,
• Local exhaust ventilation,
• General dilution ventilation, and
• Personal protective equipment.

The following publications are good sources of information on control methods:

1. ACGIH [1986]. Industrial ventilation--a manual of recommended practice. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

2. Burton DJ [1986]. Industrial ventilation--a self study companion. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

3. Alden JL, Kane JM [1982]. Design of industrial ventilation systems. New York, NY: Industrial Press, Inc.

4. Wadden RA, Scheff PA [1987]. Engineering design for control of workplace hazards. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

5. Plog BA [1988]. Fundamentals of industrial hygiene. Chicago, IL: National Safety Council.

MEDICAL MONITORING

Workers who may be exposed to chemical hazards should be monitored in a systematic program of medical surveillance that is intended to prevent occupational injury and disease. The program should include education of employers and workers about work-related hazards, placement of workers in jobs that do not jeopardize their safety or health, early detection of adverse health effects, and referral of workers for diagnosis and treatment. The occurrence of disease or other work-related adverse health effects should prompt immediate evaluation of primary preventive measures (e.g., industrial hygiene monitoring, engineering controls, and personal protective equipment). A medical monitoring program is intended to supplement, not replace, such measures. To place workers effectively and to detect and control work-related health effects, medical evaluations should be performed (1) before job placement, (2) periodically during the period of employment, and (3) at the time of job transfer or termination.

* Preplacement medical evaluation

Before a worker is placed in a job with a potential for exposure to turpentine, the examining physician should evaluate and document the worker's baseline health status with thorough medical, environmental, and occupational histories, a physical examination, and physiologic and laboratory tests appropriate for the anticipated occupational risks. These should concentrate on the function and integrity of the kidneys, skin, and respiratory system. Medical monitoring for respiratory disease should be conducted using the principles and methods recommended by NIOSH and the American Thoracic Society.

A preplacement medical evaluation is recommended to assess an individual's suitability for employment at a specific job and to detect and assess medical conditions that may be aggravated or may result in increased risk when a worker is exposed to turpentine at or below the prescribed exposure limit. The examining physician should consider the probable frequency, intensity, and duration of exposure as well as the nature and degree of any applicable medical condition. Such conditions (which should not be regarded as absolute contraindications to job placement) include a history and other findings consistent with diseases of the kidneys or skin, skin allergies, or chronic respiratory disease.

* Periodic medical examinations and biological monitoring

Occupational health interviews and physical examinations should be performed at regular intervals during the employment period, as mandated by any applicable Federal, State, or local standard. Where no standard exists and the hazard is minimal, evaluations should be conducted every 3 to 5 years or as frequently as recommended by an experienced occupational health physician. Additional examinations may be necessary if a worker develops symptoms attributable to turpentine exposure. The interviews, examinations, and medical screening tests should focus on identifying the adverse effects of turpentine on the kidneys, skin, or respiratory system. Current health status should be compared with the baseline health status of the individual worker or with expected values for a suitable reference population.

Biological monitoring involves sampling and analyzing body tissues or fluids to provide an index of exposure to a toxic substance or metabolite. No biological monitoring test acceptable for routine use has yet been developed for turpentine.

* Medical examinations recommended at the time of job transfer or termination

The medical, environmental, and occupational history interviews, the physical examination, and selected physiologic or laboratory tests that were conducted at the time of placement should be repeated at the time of job transfer or termination to determine the worker's medical status at the end of his or her employment. Any changes in the worker's health status should be compared with those expected for a suitable reference population. Because occupational exposure to turpentine may cause diseases with prolonged latent periods, the need for medical monitoring may extend well beyond the termination of employment.

WORKPLACE MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES

Determination of a worker's exposure to airborne turpentine is made using a charcoal tube (100/50 mg sections, 20/40 mesh). Samples are collected at a maximum flow rate of 0.2 liter per minute until a maximum air volume of 10 liters is collected. The sample is then treated with carbon disulfide to extract the turpentine. Analysis is conducted by gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector. This method has a sampling and analytical error of 0.09 and is included in Method 1551 of the NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 3rd edition, Volume 2 [NIOSH 1984].

PERSONAL HYGIENE PROCEDURES

If turpentine contacts the skin, workers should immediately wash the affected areas with soap and water.

Clothing contaminated with turpentine should be removed immediately, and provisions should be made for the safe removal of the chemical from the clothing. Persons laundering the clothes should be informed of the hazardous properties of turpentine, particularly its potential to cause dermatitis or chemical burns.

A worker who handles turpentine should thoroughly wash hands and face with soap and water before eating, using tobacco products, or using toilet facilities.

Workers should not eat, drink, or use tobacco products in areas where turpentine or a solution containing turpentine is handled, processed, or stored.

STORAGE

Turpentine should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area in tightly sealed containers that are labeled in accordance with OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard [29 CFR 1910.1200]. Turpentine can undergo autoxidation in contact with air and can generate heat that may spontaneously ignite in a confined space. Containers of turpentine should be protected from physical damage and should be stored separately from strong oxidizers (especially chlorine), heat, sparks, and open flame. Only nonsparking tools may be used to handle turpentine. To prevent static sparks, containers should be grounded and bonded for transfers. Because containers that formerly contained turpentine may still hold product residues, they should be handled appropriately.

SPILLS AND LEAKS

In the event of a spill or leak involving turpentine, persons not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be restricted from contaminated areas until cleanup has been completed. The following steps should be undertaken following a spill or leak:

1. Do not touch the spilled material; stop the leak if it is possible to do so without risk.

2. Notify safety personnel.

3. Remove all sources of heat and ignition.

4. Ventilate potentially explosive atmospheres using explosion-proof ventilation equipment.

5. Small liquid spills can be allowed to evaporate or may be taken up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and be placed into closed containers for later disposal.

6. For large liquid spills, build dikes far ahead of the spill to contain the turpentine for later reclamation or disposal.

EMERGENCY PLANNING, COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW, AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS

The Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) regulatory requirements for emergency planning, community right-to-know, and hazardous waste management may vary over time. Users are therefore advised to determine periodically whether new information is available.

* Emergency planning requirements

Turpentine is not subject to EPA emergency planning requirements under the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (Title III).

* Reportable quantity requirements (releases of hazardous substances)

Employers are not required by the emergency release notification provisions of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) [40 CFR Part 355.40] to notify the National Response Center of an accidental release of turpentine; there is no reportable quantity for this substance.

* Community right-to-know requirements

Employers are not required by Section 313 of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) to submit a Toxic Chemical Release Inventory form (Form R) to EPA reporting the amount of turpentine emitted or released from their facility annually.

* Hazardous waste management requirements

EPA considers a waste to be hazardous if it exhibits any of the following characteristics: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity, as defined in 40 CFR 261.21-261.24. Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), EPA has specifically listed many chemical wastes as hazardous. Although turpentine is not specifically listed as a hazardous waste under RCRA, EPA requires employers to treat any waste as hazardous if it exhibits any of the characteristics discussed above.

Providing more information about the removal and disposal of specific chemicals is beyond the scope of this guideline. EPA, U.S. Department of Transportation, and State and local regulations should be followed to ensure that removal, transport, and disposal of this substance are conducted in accordance with existing regulations. To be certain that chemical waste disposal meets EPA regulatory requirements, employers should address any questions to the RCRA hotline at (202) 382-3000 (in Washington, D.C.) or toll-free at (800) 424-9346 (outside Washington, D.C.). In addition, relevant State and local authorities should be contacted for information on any requirements they may have for the waste removal and disposal of this substance.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

* Conditions for respirator use

Good industrial hygiene practice requires that engineering controls be used where feasible to reduce workplace concentrations of hazardous materials to the prescribed exposure limit. However, some situations may require the use of respirators to control exposure. Respirators must be worn if the ambient concentration of turpentine exceeds prescribed exposure limits. Respirators may be used (1) before engineering controls have been installed, (2) during work operations such as maintenance or repair activities that involve unknown exposures, (3) during operations that require entry into tanks or closed vessels, and (4) during emergency situations. If the use of respirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted are those that have been approved by NIOSH and the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA).

* Respiratory protection program

Employers should institute a complete respiratory protection program that, at a minimum, complies with the requirements of OSHA's Respiratory Protection Standard [29 CFR 1910.134]. Such a program must include respirator selection (see Table 1), an evaluation of the worker's ability to perform the work while wearing a respirator, the regular training of personnel, fit testing, periodic workplace monitoring, and regular respirator maintenance, inspection, and cleaning. The implementation of an adequate respiratory protection program (including selection of the correct respirator) requires that a knowledgeable person be in charge of the program and that the program be evaluated regularly. For additional information on the selection and use of respirators and on the medical screening of respirator users, consult the NIOSH Respirator Decision Logic [NIOSH 1987c] and the NIOSH Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection [NIOSH 1987a].

Table 1 lists the respiratory protection that NIOSH recommends for workers exposed to turpentine. The recommended protection may vary over time because of changes in the exposure limit for turpentine or in respirator certification requirements. Users are therefore advised to determine periodically whether new information is available.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Protective clothing should be worn to prevent skin contact with turpentine. Gloves and other personal protective equipment are recommended as necessary to prevent skin contact. Chemical protective clothing should be selected on the basis of available performance data, manufacturers' recommendations, and evaluation of the clothing under actual conditions of use. Materials that may withstand permeation by turpentine for more than 4 but fewer than 8 hours are polyvinyl alcohol and Teflon. Nitrile, polyethylene, and a neoprene and natural rubber mixture have demonstrated poor resistance to permeation by turpentine.

If turpentine is dissolved in an organic solvent, the permeation properties of both the solvent and the mixture must be considered when selecting personal protective equipment and clothing.

Safety glasses, goggles, or faceshields should be worn during operations in which turpentine might contact the eyes (e.g., through splashes of solution). Eyewash fountains and emergency showers should be available within the immediate work area whenever the potential exists for eye or skin contact with turpentine. Contact lenses should not be worn if the potential exists for turpentine exposure.

REFERENCES

ACGIH [1986]. Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 5th edition. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

ACGIH [1988]. TLVs. Threshold limit values and biological exposure indices for 1988-1989. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

AIHA [1979]. Hygienic guide series. Akron, OH: American Industrial Hygiene Association.

Clayton G, Clayton F [1981]. Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. 3rd revised edition. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Code of Federal regulations. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Office of the Federal Register.

Gosselin RE, Smith RP, Hodge HC [1984]. Clinical toxicology of commercial products. 5th edition. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.

Grant WM [1986]. Toxicology of the eye. 3rd edition. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.

HSDB [1989]. Turpentine. Bethesda, MD: The Hazardous Substances Data Bank, National Library of Medicine.

NIOSH [1984]. NIOSH manual of analytical methods. 3rd edition. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

NIOSH [1987a]. NIOSH guide to industrial respiratory protection. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 87-116.

NIOSH [1987b]. NIOSH pocket guide to chemical hazards. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 85-114.

NIOSH [1987c]. Respirator decision logic. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 87-108.

NIOSH [1988]. Testimony of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health on the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's proposed rule: 29 CFR 1910, Docket No. H-020, August 2, 1988. NIOSH policy statements. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

Proctor NH, Hughes JP, Fischman ML [1988]. Chemical hazards of the workplace. Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott Company.

RTECS [1989]. Turpentine. Bethesda, MD: Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, National Library of Medicine.

Sittig M [1985]. Handbook of toxic and hazardous chemicals. 2nd edition. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

DOT [1987]. 1987 Emergency response guidebook, guide 27. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of Hazardous Materials Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration.

Forsberg K, Mansdorf SZ [1989]. Quick selection guide to chemical protective clothing. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Hawley's condensed chemical dictionary [1987]. Sax NI, Lewis RJ. 11th edition. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.

Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet [1985]. Turpentine. Trenton, NJ: New Jersey Department of Health.

ITI [1986]. Toxic and hazardous industrial chemicals safety manual. Tokyo, Japan: International Technical Information Institute.

Material Safety Data Sheet No. 375 [1984]. Schenectady, NY: Genium Publishing Corporation.

Merck Index [1983]. Windholz M. 10th edition. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Company.

NFPA [1986]. Fire protection guide on hazardous materials. 9th edition. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association.

NIOSH [January 1981]. NIOSH/OSHA occupational health guidelines. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123.

Parmeggiani L [1983]. Encyclopedia of occupational health and safety. 3rd revised edition. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Organisation.

Proctor NH, Hughes JP [1978]. Chemical hazards of the workplace. Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott Company.

Schwope AD, Costas PP, Jackson JO, Stull JO, Weitzman DJ [1987]. Guidelines for the selection of chemical protective clothing. 3rd edition. Cambridge, MA: Arthur D. Little Company. [Available from the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 6500 Glenway Avenue, Building 7, Cincinnati, OH 45211.]

USCG [1984]. CHRIS (chemical hazards response information system) hazardous chemical data manual: turpentine. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Commandant Instruction M16465.12A.

Condition	Minimum respiratory protection**
Airborne concentration of turpentine:
100 to 175(+) ppm (1.75 X PEL)	Any supplied-air respirator equipped with a half mask and operated in a demand (negative-pressure) mode, or Any supplied-air respirator equipped with a half mask and operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode
100 to 1900 ppm (19 X PEL)	Any supplied-air respirator equipped with a full facepiece and operated in a demand (negative-pressure) mode, or Any supplied-air respirator equipped with a hood or helmet and operated in a continuous-flow mode, or Any supplied-air respirator equipped with a tight-fitting facepiece and operated in a continuous-flow mode, or Any supplied-air respirator equipped with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode, or Any self-contained respirator equipped with a full facepiece and operated in a demand (negative-pressure) mode
Entry into IDLH(++) or unknown concentrations	Any self-contained respirator equipped with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode, or Any supplied-air respirator equipped with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode
Firefighting	Any self-contained respirator equipped with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode
Escape	Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator equipped with an organic vapor canister, or Any escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus with a suitable service life (number of minutes required to escape the environment)

* The OSHA PEL is 100 ppm (560 mg/m(3)) as an 8-hour TWA. No NIOSH REL has been issued.

** Only NIOSH/MSHA-approved equipment should be used. Also note the following:

1. Respirators accepted for use at higher concentrations may be used at lower concentrations; respirators must not, however, be used at concentrations higher than those for which they are approved.

2. Air-purifying respirators are not listed due to the inadequate odor warning properties of turpentine.

(+) Only full-facepiece respirators should be used in atmospheres of turpentine above 175 ppm because of its irritant effects on the eyes.

(++) The turpentine concentration that is immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) is 1900 ppm [NIOSH 1987b].