Disclaimer: These guidelines were developed under contract using
generally accepted secondary sources. The protocol used by the contractor for
surveying these data sources was developed by the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA), and the Department of Energy (DOE). The information
contained in these guidelines is intended for reference purposes only. None of
the agencies have conducted a comprehensive check of the information and data
contained in these sources. It provides a summary of information about
chemicals that workers may be exposed to in their workplaces. The secondary
sources used for supplements 111 and 1V were published before 1992 and 1993,
respectively, and for the remainder of the guidelines the secondary sources
used were published before September 1996. This information may be superseded
by new developments in the field of industrial hygiene. Therefore readers are
advised to determine whether new information is available.
INTRODUCTION
This guideline summarizes pertinent information about n-hexane for
workers and employers as well as for physicians, industrial hygienists, and
other occupational safety and health professionals who may need such
information to conduct effective occupational safety and health programs.
Recommendations may be superseded by new developments in these fields; readers
are therefore advised to regard these recommendations as general guidelines
and to determine whether new information is available.
SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION
* Formula
C(6)H(14)
* Structure
(For Structure, see paper copy)
* Synonyms
Hexane, hexyl hydride, normal hexane, dipropyl, Gettysolve-B
* Identifiers
1. CAS No.: 110-54-3
2. RTECS No.: MN9275000
3. DOT UN: 1208 27
4. DOT label: Flammable Liquid
* Appearance and odor
N-hexane is a colorless, volatile liquid with a mild, gasoline-like odor.
Commercial n-hexane is a mixture of n-hexane isomers with a small amount
of cyclopentane, pentane, and heptane isomers. Air odor threshold
concentrations for n-hexane ranging from 65 to 130 parts per million (ppm)
parts of air have been reported.
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
* Physical data
1. Molecular weight: 86.1
2. Boiling point (at 760 mm Hg): 68.9 degrees C (156 degrees F)
3. Specific gravity (water = 1): 0.66 at 20 degrees C (68 degrees F)
4. Vapor density: 2.97
5. Freezing point: -95 degrees C (-139 degrees F)
6. Vapor pressure at 20 degrees C (68 degrees F): 124 mm Hg
7. Solubility: Slightly solubility in water; soluble in alcohol, acetone,
ether, and chloroform.
8. Evaporation rate: Data not available.
* Reactivity
1. Conditions contributing to instability: Heat, sparks, or flame.
2. Incompatibilities: Contact of n-hexane with strong oxidizing agents
should be avoided. Mixtures with dinitrogen tetraoxide may explode at 28
degrees C (82.4 degrees F).
3. Hazardous decomposition products: None reported.
4. Special precautions: None reported.
* Flammability
The National Fire Protection Association has assigned a flammability rating of 3 (severe fire hazard) to n-hexane.
1. Flash point: -22 degrees C (-7 degrees F)
2. Autoignition temperature: 223 degrees C (437 degrees F)
3. Flammable limits in air (percent by volume): Lower, 1.1; upper, 7.5
4. Extinguishant: For small fires use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water
spray, or regular foam. Use water sprat, fog, or regular foam to fight large
fires involving n-hexane.
Fires involving n-hexane should be fought upwind from the maximum distance
possible. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate the hazard area and deny
entry. Isolate the area for 1/2 mile in all directions if a tank, rail
car, or tank truck is involved in the fire. For a massive fire in a cargo
area, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible,
withdraw from the area and let the fire burn. Emergency personnel should
stay out of low areas and ventilate closed spaces before entering. Vapors
may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. Vapors are an explosion
and poison hazard indoors, outdoors, or in sewers. Containers of n-hexane
may explode in the heat of the fire and should be moved from the fire area
if it is possible to do so safely. If this is not possible, cool fire
exposed containers from the sides with water until well after the fire is
out. Do not get water inside the containers. Stay away from the ends of
containers. Personnel should withdraw immediately if a rising sound from a
venting safety device is heard or if there is discoloration of a container
due to fire. Firefighters should wear a full set of protective clothing
and self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving
n-hexane.
EXPOSURE LIMITS
* OSHA PEL
The current Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
permissible exposure limit (PEL) for n-hexane is 500 ppm (1800 milligrams
per cubic meter (mg/m(3))) as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA)
concentration [29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1].
* NIOSH REL
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has
established a recommended exposure limit (REL) for n-hexane of 50 ppm (180
mg/m(3)) as a TWA for up to a 10-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek [NIOSH
1992].
* ACGIH TLV
The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has
assigned n-hexane a threshold limit value (TLV) of 50 ppm (176 mg/m(3)) as
a TWA for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek [ACGIH 1994, p.
23].
* Rationale for Limits
The NIOSH limit is based on the risk of skin and nervous system effects
[NIOSH 1992].
The ACGIH limit is based on the risk of nervous system effects [ACGIH
1991, p. 754].
HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION
* Routes of Exposure
Exposure to n-hexane can occur through inhalation, ingestion, and eye or
skin contact [Sittig 1991, p. 889].
* Summary of toxicology
1. Effects on Animals: n-Hexane is a neurotoxin, a narcotic, and an
irritant of the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes [Hathaway et al. 1991].
n-Hexane also causes productive and embryotoxic effects and is cytotoxic in
mammalian and human test systems [NIOSH 1991]. The oral LD(50) in rats is
28,710 mg/kg, and the lowest lethal concentration in mice is 120 g/m(3) [NIOSH
1991]. Mice exposed to concentrations ranging from 1,000 to 2,000 ppm 24
hours/day for 6 days/week for 1 year developed atrophy and degeneration of
hind leg muscle fibers [NLM 1992]. Mice exposed to 2,500 to 3,000 ppm n-hexane
for 4 days developed liver enlargement within 24 hours of exposure onset [NLM
1992]. Rabbits exposed by inhalation to 3,000 ppm 8 hours/day for 8 days
showed changes in the lungs, emphysema, necrosis of the bronchial epithelium,
and atelectasis [NLM 1992]. Rats continuously exposed to 400 ppm developed
anoxapathy, although intermittent exposure to 10,000 ppm 6 hours/day, 5
days/week for 13 weeks caused only mild paranodol axonal swelling [Hathaway et
al. 1991]. The offspring of rats and mice exposed orally or by inhalation to
n-hexane during gestation showed depressed weight gain after birth [Hathaway
et al. 1991]. This agent also affects male and female reproductive capacity [Amdur
1991].
2. Effects on Humans: n-Hexane is a narcotic agent; an irritant to the
eyes, upper respiratory tract, and skin; and a neurotoxin. Exposure of humans
to 5,000 ppm n-hexane for 10 minutes causes marked vertigo; exposure to 1,500
ppm results in headache and slight nausea [Hathaway et al. 1991; Clayton and
Clayton 1982]. In industrial settings, exposure to levels exceeding 1,000 ppm
have been reported to cause mild symptoms of narcosis [Hathaway et al. 1991].
Eye and upper respiratory tract irritation has been reported to occur in
humans exposed to 880 ppm n-hexane for 15 minutes [Clayton and Clayton 1982].
Dermal contact with n-hexane results in immediate irritation characterized by
erythema and hyperemia; exposed subjects developed blisters 5 hours following
dermal exposure to n-hexane [Hathaway et al. 1991]. The neuropathic toxicity
of n-n-hexane in humans is well documented; cases of polyneuropathy have
typically occurred in humans chronically exposed to levels of n-hexane ranging
from 400 to 600 ppm, with occasional exposures up to 2,500 ppm [Hathaway et
al. 1991]. Distal symmetrical motor weakness is common in most cases; however,
in severely affected individuals, motor weakness may extend to the pelvic and
high musculature [Rom 1992]. Nerve biopsies in affected individuals show
swelling of the nerve and thinning of the myelin sheath. Functional
neurological disturbances usually progress for a few months after termination
of exposure. Although recovery is expected to occur within a year, clinical
polyneuropathy has been reported in some cases to remain after 2 years
[Hathaway et al. 1991]. Blurred vision, restricted visual field, and optic
nerve atrophy has been reported to occur in association with n-hexane-induced
polyneuropathy. Twelve of 15 individuals working with hexane for 12 years were
found to have abnormal color discrimination [Grant 1986].
* Signs and symptoms of exposure
1. Acute exposure: Acute exposure to n-hexane may cause dizziness,
confusion, nausea, headache, and irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and
skin [Hathaway et al. 1991].
2. Chronic exposure: Long-term exposure to n-hexane may cause disturbances
in sensation, muscle weakness, and distal symmetric pain in the legs. Clinical
changes include muscle atrophy, decreased muscle strength, footdrop, numbness,
prickling, and a tingling sensation in the arms and legs. Neurological
investigations reveal decreased motor nerve conduction, neurogenic damage and
swelling of peripheral nerves with thinning of the myelin sheath. These
symptoms may get worse for 2 to 3 months after cessation of exposure. Changes
in vision may also be a symptom of chronic exposure to n-hexane [Hathaway et
al. 1991].
EMERGENCY MEDICAL PROCEDURES
* Emergency medical procedures: [NIOSH to supply]
5. Rescue: Remove an incapacitated worker from further exposure and
implement appropriate emergency procedures (e.g., those listed on the Material
Safety Data Sheet required by OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard [29 CFR
1910.1200]). All workers should be familiar with emergency procedures, the
location and proper use of emergency equipment, and methods of protecting
themselves during rescue operations.
EXPOSURE SOURCES AND CONTROL METHODS
The following operations may involve n-hexane and lead to worker exposures to this substance:
* The manufacture and transportation of n-hexane
* Use as an extractant of agricultural products
* Use in manufacture of polyolefins and certain elastomers as a
catalyst carrier and assist in controlling molecular weight by dropping
polymer out of solution when a certain molecular weight is reached
* Use in motor fuel
* Use as an extractant of fatty acids and edible oils and fats
* Use as a solvent in glues, cements, and adhesives
* Use in determining the refractive index of materials
Methods that are effective in controlling worker exposures to n-hexane,
depending on the feasibility of implementation, are as follows:
* Process enclosure
* Local exhaust ventilation
* General dilution ventilation
* Personal protective equipment
Workers responding to a release or potential release of a hazardous
substance must be protected as required by paragraph (q) of OSHA's Hazardous
Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard [29 CFR 1910.120].
Good sources of information about control methods are as follows:
1. ACGIH [1992]. Industrial ventilation--a manual of recommended practice.
21st ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists.
2. Burton DJ [1986]. Industrial ventilation--a self study companion.
Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
3. Alden JL, Kane JM [1982]. Design of industrial ventilation systems. New
York, NY: Industrial Press, Inc.
4. Wadden RA, Scheff PA [1987]. Engineering design for control of workplace
hazards. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
5. Plog BA [1988]. Fundamentals of industrial hygiene. Chicago, IL:
National Safety Council.
MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
OSHA is currently developing requirements for medical surveillance.
When these requirements are promulgated, readers should refer to them for
additional information and to determine whether employers whose employees are
exposed to n-hexane are required to implement medical surveillance procedures.
* Medical Screening
Workers who may be exposed to chemical hazards should be monitored in a
systematic program of medical surveillance that is intended to prevent
occupational injury and disease. The program should include education of
employers and workers about work-related hazards, early detection of
adverse health effects, and referral of workers for diagnosis and
treatment. The occurrence of disease or other work-related adverse health
effects should prompt immediate evaluation of primary preventive measures
(e.g., industrial hygiene monitoring, engineering controls, and personal
protective equipment). A medical surveillance program is intended to
supplement, not replace, such measures. To detect and control work-related
health effects, medical evaluations should be performed (1) before job
placement, (2) periodically during the term of employment, and (3) at the
time of job transfer or termination.
* Preplacement medical evaluation
Before a worker is placed in a job with a potential for exposure to
n-hexane, a licensed health care professional should evaluate and document
the worker's baseline health status with thorough medical, environmental,
and occupational histories, a physical examination, and physiologic and
laboratory tests appropriate for the anticipated occupational risks. These
should concentrate on the function and integrity of the skin, respiratory
system, central nervous system, and peripheral nervous system. Medical
surveillance for respiratory disease should be conducted using the
principles and methods recommended by the American Thoracic Society.
A preplacement medical evaluation is recommended to assess medical
conditions that may be aggravated or may result in increased risk when a
worker is exposed to n-hexane at or below the prescribed exposure limit.
The health care professional should consider the probable frequency,
intensity, and duration of exposure as well as the nature and degree of
any applicable medical condition. Such conditions (which should not be
regarded as absolute contraindications to job placement) include a history
and other findings consistent with diseases of the skin, respiratory
system, central nervous system, and peripheral nervous system.
* Periodic medical evaluations
Occupational health interviews and physical examinations should be
performed at regular intervals during the employment period, as mandated
by any applicable Federal, State, or local standard. Where no standard
exists and the hazard is minimal, evaluations should be conducted every 3
to 5 years or as frequently as recommended by an experienced occupational
health physician. Additional examinations may be necessary if a worker
develops symptoms attributable to n-hexane exposure. The interviews,
examinations, and medical screening tests should focus on identifying the
adverse effects of n-hexane on the skin, respiratory system, central
nervous system, or peripheral nervous system. Current health status should
be compared with the baseline health status of the individual worker or
with expected values for a suitable reference population.
* Termination medical evaluations
The medical, environmental, and occupational history interviews, the
physical examination, and selected physiologic or laboratory tests that
were conducted at the time of placement should be repeated at the time of
job transfer or termination to determine the worker's medical status at
the end of his or her employment. Any changes in the worker's health
status should be compared with those expected for a suitable reference
population.
* Biological monitoring
Biological monitoring involves sampling and analyzing body tissues or
fluids to provide an index of exposure to a toxic substance or metabolite.
Exposure to n-hexane can be measured in the exhaled air (as n-hexane) or
in urine as the 2,5-hexanedione. The biological exposure index for
n-hexane in urine is 5 grams 2,5-hexanedione/gram creatinine.
WORKPLACE MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
Determination of a worker's exposure to airborne n-hexane is made
using a charcoal tube (100/50 mg sections, 20/40 mesh). Samples are collected
at a maximum flow rate of 0.2 liter/minute (TWA) until a maximum collection
volume of 4 liters is reached. The sample is then treated with 99:1 carbon
disulfide:dimethylformamide. Analysis is conducted by gas chromatography using
a flame ionization detector (GC/FID). This method is described in the OSHA
Computerized Information System [OSHA 1994] and is fully validated. NIOSH
Method No. 1500 for hydrocarbons with boiling point ranges from 36 to 126øC
(96.8 to 258.9øF) can also be used to determine a worker's airborne exposure
to n-hexane. This method is the reference method for the OSHA method described
above and differs only in its use of carbon disulfide as the solvent used to
extract the sample [NIOSH 1994].
PERSONAL HYGIENE PROCEDURES
If n-hexane contacts the skin, workers should immediately wash the affected
areas with large amounts of soap and water.
Clothing contaminated with n-hexane should be removed immediately, and
provisions should be made for the safe removal of the chemical from the
clothing. Persons laundering the clothes should be informed of the hazardous
properties of n-hexane, particularly its potential for causing irritation and
nervous system effects.
A worker who handles n-hexane should thoroughly wash hands, forearms, and
face with soap and water before eating, using tobacco products, using toilet
facilities, applying cosmetics, or taking medication.
Workers should not eat, drink, use tobacco products, apply cosmetics, or
take medication in areas where n-hexane or a solution containing n-hexane is
handled, processed, or stored.
STORAGE
n-Hexane should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area in
tightly sealed containers that are labeled in accordance with OSHA's Hazard
Communication Standard [29 CFR 1910.1200]. Containers of n-hexane should be
protected from physical damage and should be stored separately from strong
oxidizing agents.
SPILLS AND LEAKS
In the event of a spill or leak involving n-hexane, persons not wearing
protective equipment and clothing should be restricted from contaminated areas
until cleanup has been completed. The following steps should be undertaken
following a spill or leak:
1. Notify safety personnel.
2. Remove all sources of heat and ignition.
3. Ventilate potentially explosive atmospheres.
4. Do not touch the spilled material; stop the leak if it is possible to do
so without risk.
5. Use non-sparking tools.
6. Water spray may be used to disperse vapors.
7. For small liquid spills, take up with sand, earth, vermiculite, or other
noncombustible absorbent material and place into closed containers for later
disposal.
8. Keep n-hexane out of a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the
possibility of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the
build-up of explosive concentrations.
9. For large liquid spills, build dikes far ahead of the spill to contain
the n-hexane for later reclamation or disposal.
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirements for emergency
planning, reportable quantities of hazardous releases, community
right-to-know, and hazardous waste management may change over time. Users are
therefore advised to determine periodically whether new information is
available.
* Emergency planning requirements
n-Hexane is not subject to EPA emergency planning requirements under the
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) (Title III) in 42 USC
11022.
* Reportable quantity requirements for hazardous releases
A hazardous substance release is defined by EPA as any spilling,
leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting,
escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment
(including the abandonment or discarding of contaminated containers) of
hazardous substances. In the event of a release that is above the
reportable quantity for that chemical, employers are required to notify
the proper Federal, State, and local authorities [40 CFR 355.40].
The reportable quantity of n-hexane is 1 pound. If an amount equal to or
greater than this quantity is released within a 24-hour period in a
manner that will expose persons outside the facility, employers are
required to do the following:
- Notify the National Response Center immediately at (800)
424-8802 or at (202) 426-2675 in Washington, D.C. [40 CFR 302.6].
* Community right-to-know requirements
Employers are not required by EPA in 40 CFR Part 372.30 to submit a Toxic
Chemical Release Inventory form (Form R) to EPA reporting the amount of
n-hexane emitted or released from their facility annually.
* Hazardous waste management requirements
EPA considers a waste to be hazardous if it exhibits any of the following
characteristics: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity as
defined in 40 CFR 261.21-261.24. Under the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) [40 USC 6901 et seq.], EPA has specifically listed
many chemical wastes as hazardous. Although n-hexane is not specifically
listed as a hazardous waste under RCRA, EPA requires employers to treat
waste as hazardous if it exhibits any of the characteristics discussed
above.
Providing detailed information about the removal and disposal of specific
chemicals is beyond the scope of this guideline. The U.S. Department of
Transportation, EPA, and State and local regulations should be followed to
ensure that removal, transport, and disposal of this substance are
conducted in accordance with existing regulations. To be certain that
chemical waste disposal meets EPA regulatory requirements, employers
should address any questions to the RCRA hotline at (703) 412-9810 (in the
Washington, D.C. area) or toll-free at (800) 424-9346 (outside Washington,
D.C.). In addition, relevant State and local authorities should be
contacted for information on any requirements they may have for the waste
removal and disposal of this substance.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
* Conditions for respirator use
Good industrial hygiene practice requires that engineering controls be
used where feasible to reduce workplace concentrations of hazardous
materials to the prescribed exposure limit. However, some situations may
require the use of respirators to control exposure. Respirators must be
worn if the ambient concentration of n-hexane exceeds prescribed exposure
limits. Respirators may be used (1) before engineering controls have been
installed, (2) during work operations such as maintenance or repair
activities that involve unknown exposures, (3) during operations that
require entry into tanks or closed vessels, and (4) during emergencies.
Workers should only use respirators that have been approved by NIOSH and
the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA).
* Respiratory protection program
Employers should institute a complete respiratory protection program that,
at a minimum, complies with the requirements of OSHA's Respiratory
Protection Standard [29 CFR 1910.134]. Such a program must include
respirator selection, an evaluation of the worker's ability to perform the
work while wearing a respirator, the regular training of personnel,
respirator fit testing, periodic workplace monitoring, and regular
respirator maintenance, inspection, and cleaning. The implementation of an
adequate respiratory protection program (including selection of the
correct respirator) requires that a knowledgeable person be in charge of
the program and that the program be evaluated regularly. For additional
information on the selection and use of respirators and on the medical
screening of respirator users, consult the latest edition of the NIOSH
Respirator Decision Logic [NIOSH 1987b] and the NIOSH Guide to Industrial
Respiratory Protection [NIOSH 1987a].
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Workers should use appropriate personal protective clothing and
equipment that must be carefully selected, used, and maintained to be
effective in preventing skin contact with n-hexane. The selection of the
appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) (e.g., gloves, sleeves,
encapsulating suits) should be based on the extent of the worker's potential
exposure to n-hexane. The resistance of various materials to permeation by
n-hexane is shown below:
| Material |
Breakthrough time (hr) |
|
| Nitrile Rubber |
>8 |
| Polyvinyl Alcohol |
>8 |
| Teflon |
>8 |
| Viton |
>8 |
| 4H (PE/EVAL) |
>8 |
| Chemrel |
>8 |
| Responder |
>8 |
| Barricade |
>4 |
| Trellchem |
>4(*) |
| Butyl Rubber |
<1(**) |
| Natural Rubber |
<1(**) |
| Neoprene |
<1(**) |
| Polyethylene |
<1(**) |
| Polyvinyl Chloride |
<1(**) |
| Saranex |
<1(**) |
(*) Material estimated (but not tested) to provide at least four hours of protection.
(**) Not recommended, degradation may occur
To evaluate the use of these PPE materials with n-hexane, users should
consult the best available performance data and manufacturers'
recommendations. Significant differences have been demonstrated in the
chemical resistance of generically similar PPE materials (e.g., butyl)
produced by different manufacturers. In addition, the chemical resistance of a
mixture may be significantly different from that of any of its neat
components.
Any chemical-resistant clothing that is used should be periodically
evaluated to determine its effectiveness in preventing dermal contact. Safety
showers and eye wash stations should be located close to operations that
involve n-hexane.
Splash-proof chemical safety goggles or face shields (20 to 30 cm long,
minimum) should be worn during any operation in which a solvent, caustic, or
other toxic substance may be splashed into the eyes.
In addition to the possible need for wearing protective outer apparel
(e.g., aprons, encapsulating suits), workers should wear work uniforms,
coveralls, or similar full-body coverings that are laundered each day.
Employers should provide lockers or other closed areas to store work and
street clothing separately. Employers should collect work clothing at the end
of each work shift and provide for its laundering. Laundry personnel should be
informed about the potential hazards of handling contaminated clothing and
instructed about measures to minimize their health risk.
Protective clothing should be kept free of oil and grease and should be
inspected and maintained regularly to preserve its effectiveness.
Protective clothing may interfere with the body's heat dissipation,
especially during hot weather or during work in hot or poorly ventilated work
environments.
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