Disclaimer: These guidelines were developed under contract using generally accepted secondary sources. The protocol used by the contractor for surveying these data sources was developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the Department of Energy (DOE). The information contained in these guidelines is intended for reference purposes only. None of the agencies have conducted a comprehensive check of the information and data contained in these sources. It provides a summary of information about chemicals that workers may be exposed to in their workplaces. The secondary sources used for supplements 111 and 1V were published before 1992 and 1993, respectively, and for the remainder of the guidelines the secondary sources used were published before September 1996. This information may be superseded by new developments in the field of industrial hygiene. Therefore readers are advised to determine whether new information is available.

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH GUIDELINE FOR ETHYLENEDIAMINE

INTRODUCTION

This guideline summarizes pertinent information about ethylenediamine for workers and employers as well as for physicians, industrial hygienists, and other occupational safety and health professionals who may need such information to conduct effective occupational safety and health programs. Recommendations may be superseded by new developments in these fields; readers are therefore advised to regard these recommendations as general guidelines and to determine whether new information is available.

SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION

* Formula

C(2)H(8)N(2)

* Structure

(For Structure, see paper copy)

* Synonyms

1,2-Diaminoethane; anhydrous ethylenediamine; EDA; 1,2-ethanediamine;

1,2-ethylenediamine; beta-aminoethylamine

* Identifiers

1. CAS No.: 107-15-3

2. RTECS No.: KH8575000

3. DOT UN: 1604 29

4. DOT label: Corrosive, Flammable Liquid

* Appearance and odor

Ethylenediamine is a flammable, colorless, viscous, fuming liquid with an ammonia-like odor. The air odor threshold concentration for ethylenediamine ranges from 1.0 to 11. parts per million (ppm) parts of air.

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

* Physical data

1. Molecular weight: 60.1

2. Boiling point (at 760 mm Hg): 116 degrees C (241 degrees F)

3. Specific gravity (water = 1): 0.90 at 20 degrees C (68 degrees F)

4. Vapor density: 2.07

5. Melting point: 8.5 degrees C (47.3 degrees F)

6. Vapor pressure at 20 degrees C (68 degrees F): 10.7 mm Hg

7. Solubility: Ethylenediamine is soluble in water and alcohol; slightly soluble in ether, and insoluble in benzene.

8. Evaporation rate: Data not available.

* Reactivity

1. Conditions contributing to instability: Heat, sparks, and flame.

2. Incompatibilities: Contact between ethylenediamine and strong acids, strong oxidizers, chlorinated organic compounds, copper and its alloys, halogenated organic compounds, acetic acid, oleum, or vinyl acetate should be avoided.

3. Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic gases and vapors (such as oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and ammonia) may be released in a fire involving ethylenediamine.

4. Special precautions: None reported.

* Flammability

The National Fire Protection Association has assigned a flammability rating of 2 (moderate fire hazard) to ethylenediamine.

1. Flash point: 34 degrees C (93 degrees F) (open cup)

2. Autoignition temperature: 385 degrees C (725 degrees F)

3. Flammable limits in air (percent by volume): Lower, 4.2; upper, 14.4

4. Extinguishant: For small fires use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or standard foam. Use water spray, fog, or standard foam to fight large fires involving ethylenediamine.

Fires involving ethylenediamine should be fought upwind from the maximum distance possible. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate the hazard area and deny entry. Isolate the area for 1/2 mile in all directions if a tank, rail car, or tank truck is involved in the fire. Emergency personnel should stay out of low areas and ventilate closed spaces before entering. Vapors may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. Vapors are an explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors, or in sewers. Containers of ethylenediamine may explode in the heat of the fire and should be moved from the fire area if it is possible to do so safely. If this is not possible, cool fire exposed containers from the sides with water until well after the fire is out. Do not get water inside the containers. Stay away from the ends of containers. Personnel should withdraw immediately if a rising sound from a venting safety device is heard or if there is discoloration of a container due to fire. Firefighters should wear a full set of protective clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving ethylenediamine.

EXPOSURE LIMITS

* OSHA PEL

The current Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) for ethylenediamine is 10 ppm (25 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m(3))) as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) concentration [29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1].

* NIOSH REL

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has established a recommended exposure limit (REL) for ethylenediamine of 10 ppm (25 mg/m(3)) as a TWA for up to a 10-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek [NIOSH 1992].

* ACGIH TLV

The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has assigned ethylenediamine a threshold limit value (TLV) of 10 ppm (25 mg/m(3)) as a TWA for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek. The ACGIH assigns a "Skin" notation, which indicates that the cutaneous route of exposure (including mucous membranes and eyes) contributes to overall exposure [ACGIH 1994, p. 21].

* Rationale for Limits

The NIOSH limit is based on the risk of sensitization and primary irritation to the skin, mucous membranes, and respiratory tract [NIOSH 1992].

The ACGIH limit is based on the NOEL in animals [ACGIH 1991, p. 604].

HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION

* Routes of Exposure

Exposure to ethylenediamine can occur through inhalation, ingestion, and eye or skin contact, and absorption through the skin [Genium 1993].

* Summary of toxicology

1. Effects on Animals: Ethylenediamine is a corrosive liquid that is severely irritating to the skin and eyes. Systemic toxicity from exposure to high vapor concentrations causes damage to the kidneys, liver, and lungs [Sittig 1991; Sax and Lewis 1989]. The LD(50) for acute oral exposure in rats has been reported variously as 500 mg/kg and 1160 mg/kg [ACGIH 1991; NIOSH 1991]. The dermal LD(50) in rabbits is 730 mg/kg [NIOSH 1991]. In rats fed 0.5 g/kg/day for two generations, some reduction in body weight and microscopic changes of the kidneys and liver were observed. Liver lesions were more prevalent among female than male rats [Hathaway et al. 1991]. An 8-hour exposure to 4,000 ppm ethylenediamine was uniformly fatal to rats; death was caused by kidney injury and lung damage. A similar exposure to 2,000 ppm was not lethal to rats. Thirty days of inhalation exposure to 484 ppm of ethylenediamine killed all exposed rats. Postmortem examination showed injury to the kidneys, liver, and lungs, and hair loss. No deaths and a lesser degree of injury were seen at 132 ppm, and no injury was noted at 125 ppm [Hathaway et al. 1991]. Undiluted liquid ethylenediamine painted on the shaved skin of rabbits caused severe skin irritation, blistering, and cell death. In rabbits, contact of the eye with solutions containing more than 5 percent ethylenediamine produced serious corneal damage, and contact of the eye with a 5-percent solution caused partial corneal opacity. Neutralized solutions of ethylenediamine were far less damaging to the eyes of rabbits than alkaline ones [Grant 1986; ACGIH 1991].

2. Effects on Humans: Ethylenediamine is a strong irritant of the eyes and respiratory tract and a skin and respiratory sensitizer [Genium 1993; Sittig 1991]. Ethylenediamine is tolerable at a concentration of 100 ppm for a duration of a few seconds; irritation of the nose and respiratory tract, and asthmatic symptoms appear at a concentration of 200 ppm; at 400 ppm, intolerable nasal irritation occurs after an exposure of 5 to 10 seconds [Hathaway et al. 1991]. Skin contact with the liquid will produce irritation and, if contact is prolonged, burns and blisters [Patnaik 1992]. Skin sensitization is accompanied by the development of a chronic rash that disappears after exposure ends [Clayton and Clayton 1982]. Skin sensitization is more likely when the skin is damaged [Gosselin 1984]. Workmen exposed to vapors of ethylenediamine occasionally have reported seeing haloes around lights and having blurred vision, effects that are likely to be caused by corneal epithelial swelling or damage.

* Signs and symptoms of exposure

1. Acute exposure: Exposure to the vapors of ethylenediamine causes immediate eye irritation, shortness of breath, respiratory irritation, and asthmatic symptoms such as wheezing, faintness, anxiety, and dizziness [Genium 1993]. Contact of the eye with liquid ethylenediamine causes acute pain and visual disturbances and may cause severe, permanent corneal damage [Grant 1986]. Liquid spilled on the skin will cause redness, burning, and, if exposure is severe, blistering and loss of the skin [Sittig 1991]. Acute exposure can cause skin sensitization and chronic asthma in sensitive individuals [Clayton and Clayton 1982]. Ingestion of ethylenediamine causes severe irritation and burns of the mouth and esophagus and nausea and vomiting [NLM 1992].

2. Chronic exposure: Chronic exposure may cause sensitization dermatitis [NLM 1992].

EMERGENCY MEDICAL PROCEDURES

* Emergency medical procedures: [NIOSH to supply]

5. Rescue: Remove an incapacitated worker from further exposure and implement appropriate emergency procedures (e.g., those listed on the Material Safety Data Sheet required by OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard [29 CFR 1910.1200]). All workers should be familiar with emergency procedures, the location and proper use of emergency equipment, and methods of protecting themselves during rescue operations.

EXPOSURE SOURCES AND CONTROL METHODS

The following operations may involve ethylenediamine and lead to worker exposures to this substance:

* The manufacture and transportation of ethylenediamine

* Use in manufacture of carbamate fungicides, insecticides, and weed killers

* Use in manufacture of chelating agents (EDTA) and dyes, soaps, and cleaning compounds; in water treatment; in agriculture; in rubber processing; as a stabilizer of rubber latex; in pulp and paper processing; and in metal cleaning

* Use in manufacture of dimethylethylene-urea resins; in production of textile lubricants, textile finishing compounds (anti-creasings, surfactants, dyeing aids, etc.); in ion-exchanging resins and rubber products; and as an inhibitor in antifreeze solution

* Use as a solvent for albumin, fibrin, shellac, sulfur, and neutralizing oils; as an inhibitor in antifreeze solutions; a wet-strength agent for paper; and to dehair skins

* Use in manufacture or surfactants, emulsifying agents, asphalt, wetting agents, dispersants, and detergents

* Use in manufacture of dye intermediates, heterocyclic compounds, pharmaceuticals, corrosion inhibitors, synthetic waxes, and salts

* Use in miscellaneous applications: as a brightening agent for electroplating; an anti-tarnish agent in detergents; a lubricant stabilizer; in soldering fluxes; and as a solvent for casein, albumin, shellac, and sulfur

Methods that are effective in controlling worker exposures to ethylenediamine, depending on the feasibility of implementation, are as follows:

* Process enclosure
* Local exhaust ventilation
* General dilution ventilation
* Personal protective equipment

Workers responding to a release or potential release of a hazardous substance must be protected as required by paragraph (q) of OSHA's Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard [29 CFR 1910.120].

Good sources of information about control methods are as follows:

1. ACGIH [1992]. Industrial ventilation--a manual of recommended practice. 21st ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

2. Burton DJ [1986]. Industrial ventilation--a self study companion. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

3. Alden JL, Kane JM [1982]. Design of industrial ventilation systems. New York, NY: Industrial Press, Inc.

4. Wadden RA, Scheff PA [1987]. Engineering design for control of workplace hazards. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

5. Plog BA [1988]. Fundamentals of industrial hygiene. Chicago, IL: National Safety Council.

MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE

OSHA is currently developing requirements for medical surveillance. When these requirements are promulgated, readers should refer to them for additional information and to determine whether employers whose employees are exposed to ethylenediamine are required to implement medical surveillance procedures.

* Medical Screening

Workers who may be exposed to chemical hazards should be monitored in a systematic program of medical surveillance that is intended to prevent occupational injury and disease. The program should include education of employers and workers about work-related hazards, early detection of adverse health effects, and referral of workers for diagnosis and treatment. The occurrence of disease or other work-related adverse health effects should prompt immediate evaluation of primary preventive measures (e.g., industrial hygiene monitoring, engineering controls, and personal protective equipment). A medical surveillance program is intended to supplement, not replace, such measures. To detect and control work-related health effects, medical evaluations should be performed (1) before job placement, (2) periodically during the term of employment, and (3) at the time of job transfer or termination.

* Preplacement medical evaluation

Before a worker is placed in a job with a potential for exposure to ethylenediamine, a licensed health care professional should evaluate and document the worker's baseline health status with thorough medical, environmental, and occupational histories, a physical examination, and physiologic and laboratory tests appropriate for the anticipated occupational risks. These should concentrate on the function and integrity of the skin, liver, kidneys, and respiratory system. Medical surveillance for respiratory disease should be conducted using the principles and methods recommended by the American Thoracic Society.

A preplacement medical evaluation is recommended to assess medical conditions that may be aggravated or may result in increased risk when a worker is exposed to ethylenediamine at or below the prescribed exposure limit. The health care professional should consider the probable frequency, intensity, and duration of exposure as well as the nature and degree of any applicable medical condition. Such conditions (which should not be regarded as absolute contraindications to job placement) include a history and other findings consistent with diseases of the skin, liver, kidneys, and respiratory system.

* Periodic medical evaluations

Occupational health interviews and physical examinations should be performed at regular intervals during the employment period, as mandated by any applicable Federal, State, or local standard. Where no standard exists and the hazard is minimal, evaluations should be conducted every 3 to 5 years or as frequently as recommended by an experienced occupational health physician. Additional examinations may be necessary if a worker develops symptoms attributable to ethylenediamine exposure. The interviews, examinations, and medical screening tests should focus on identifying the adverse effects of ethylenediamine on the skin, liver, kidneys, or respiratory system. Current health status should be compared with the baseline health status of the individual worker or with expected values for a suitable reference population.

* Termination medical evaluations

The medical, environmental, and occupational history interviews, the physical examination, and selected physiologic or laboratory tests that were conducted at the time of placement should be repeated at the time of job transfer or termination to determine the worker's medical status at the end of his or her employment. Any changes in the worker's health status should be compared with those expected for a suitable reference population.

* Biological monitoring

Biological monitoring involves sampling and analyzing body tissues or fluids to provide an index of exposure to a toxic substance or metabolite. No biological monitoring test acceptable for routine use has yet been developed for ethylenediamine.

WORKPLACE MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT

Determination of a worker's exposure to airborne ethylenediamine is made using coated XAD-2 tubes (80/40 mg sections, 16/50 mesh); coating is 10% (w/w) 1-naphthylisocyanate (NTIC). Samples are collected at a maximum flow rate of 0.1 liter/minute until a maximum collection volume of 10 liters is reached. The sample is then treated with dimethylformamide. Analysis is conducted by high performance liquid chromatography using an ultraviolet detector (HPLC/UV). This method is fully validated and is described in the OSHA Computerized Information System [OSHA 1994] and in NIOSH Method No. 2540 [NIOSH 1994].

PERSONAL HYGIENE PROCEDURES

If ethylenediamine contacts the skin, workers should flush the affected areas immediately with plenty of water, followed by washing with soap and water.

Clothing contaminated with ethylenediamine should be removed immediately, and provisions should be made for the safe removal of the chemical from the clothing. Persons laundering the clothes should be informed of the hazardous properties of ethylenediamine, particularly its potential for causing irritation and sensitization.

A worker who handles ethylenediamine should thoroughly wash hands, forearms, and face with soap and water before eating, using tobacco products, using toilet facilities, applying cosmetics, or taking medication.

Workers should not eat, drink, use tobacco products, apply cosmetics, or take medication in areas where ethylenediamine or a solution containing ethylenediamine is handled, processed, or stored.

STORAGE

Ethylenediamine should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area in tightly sealed containers that are labeled in accordance with OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard [29 CFR 1910.1200]. Containers of ethylenediamine should be protected from physical damage and ignition sources, and should be stored separately from strong acids, strong oxidizers, chlorinated organic compounds, copper and its alloys, halogenated organic compounds, acetic acid, oleum, or vinyl acetate.

SPILLS AND LEAKS

In the event of a spill or leak involving ethylenediamine, persons not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be restricted from contaminated areas until cleanup has been completed. The following steps should be undertaken following a spill or leak:

1. Notify safety personnel.

2. Remove all sources of heat and ignition.

3. Isolate and ventilate the area of the spill or leak.

4. Do not touch the spilled material; stop the leak if it is possible to do so without risk.

5. Use non-sparking tools.

6. Use water spray to reduce vapors; do not get water inside the container.

7. Prevent flushing into sewers, drains, and waterways.

8. For small liquid spills, take up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into closed containers for later disposal.

9. For large liquid spills, build dikes far ahead of the spill to contain the ethylenediamine for later reclamation or disposal.

SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirements for emergency planning, reportable quantities of hazardous releases, community right-to-know, and hazardous waste management may change over time. Users are therefore advised to determine periodically whether new information is available.

* Emergency planning requirements

Employers owning or operating a facility at which there are 10,000 pounds or more of ethylenediamine must comply with EPA's emergency planning requirements [40 CFR Part 355.30].

* Reportable quantity requirements for hazardous releases

A hazardous substance release is defined by EPA as any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment (including the abandonment or discarding of contaminated containers) of hazardous substances. In the event of a release that is above the reportable quantity for that chemical, employers are required to notify the proper Federal, State, and local authorities [40 CFR 355.40].

The reportable quantity of ethylenediamine is 5,000 pounds. If an amount equal to or greater than this quantity is released within a 24-hour period in a manner that will expose persons outside the facility, employers are required to do the following:

- Notify the National Response Center immediately at (800) 424-8802 or at (202) 426-2675 in Washington, D.C. [40 CFR 302.6].

- Notify the emergency response commission of the State likely to be affected by the release [40 CFR 355.40].

- Notify the community emergency coordinator to the local emergency planning committee (or relevant local emergency response personnel) of any area likely to be affected by the release [40 CFR 355.40].

* Community right-to-know requirements

Employers are not required by EPA in 40 CFR Part 372.30 to submit a Toxic Chemical Release Inventory form (Form R) to EPA reporting the amount of ethylenediamine emitted or released from their facility annually.

* Hazardous waste management requirements

EPA considers a waste to be hazardous if it exhibits any of the following characteristics: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity as defined in 40 CFR 261.21-261.24. Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) [40 USC 6901 et seq.], EPA has specifically listed many chemical wastes as hazardous. Although ethylenediamine is not specifically listed as a hazardous waste under RCRA, EPA requires employers to treat waste as hazardous if it exhibits any of the characteristics discussed above.

Providing detailed information about the removal and disposal of specific chemicals is beyond the scope of this guideline. The U.S. Department of Transportation, EPA, and State and local regulations should be followed to ensure that removal, transport, and disposal of this substance are conducted in accordance with existing regulations. To be certain that chemical waste disposal meets EPA regulatory requirements, employers should address any questions to the RCRA hotline at (703) 412-9810 (in the Washington, D.C. area) or toll-free at (800) 424-9346 (outside Washington, D.C.). In addition, relevant State and local authorities should be contacted for information on any requirements they may have for the waste removal and disposal of this substance.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

* Conditions for respirator use

Good industrial hygiene practice requires that engineering controls be used where feasible to reduce workplace concentrations of hazardous materials to the prescribed exposure limit. However, some situations may require the use of respirators to control exposure. Respirators must be worn if the ambient concentration of ethylenediamine exceeds prescribed exposure limits. Respirators may be used (1) before engineering controls have been installed, (2) during work operations such as maintenance or repair activities that involve unknown exposures, (3) during operations that require entry into tanks or closed vessels, and (4) during emergencies. Workers should only use respirators that have been approved by NIOSH and the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA).

* Respiratory protection program

Employers should institute a complete respiratory protection program that, at a minimum, complies with the requirements of OSHA's Respiratory Protection Standard [29 CFR 1910.134]. Such a program must include respirator selection, an evaluation of the worker's ability to perform the work while wearing a respirator, the regular training of personnel, respirator fit testing, periodic workplace monitoring, and regular respirator maintenance, inspection, and cleaning. The implementation of an adequate respiratory protection program (including selection of the correct respirator) requires that a knowledgeable person be in charge of the program and that the program be evaluated regularly. For additional information on the selection and use of respirators and on the medical screening of respirator users, consult the latest edition of the NIOSH Respirator Decision Logic [NIOSH 1987b] and the NIOSH Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection [NIOSH 1987a].

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Workers should use appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment that must be carefully selected, used, and maintained to be effective in preventing skin contact with ethylenediamine. The selection of the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) (e.g., gloves, sleeves, encapsulating suits) should be based on the extent of the worker's potential exposure to ethylenediamine. The resistance of various materials to permeation by ethylenediamine is shown below:

(*) Not recommended, degradation may occur

To evaluate the use of these PPE materials with ethylenediamine, users should consult the best available performance data and manufacturers' recommendations. Significant differences have been demonstrated in the chemical resistance of generically similar PPE materials (e.g., butyl) produced by different manufacturers. In addition, the chemical resistance of a mixture may be significantly different from that of any of its neat components.

Any chemical-resistant clothing that is used should be periodically evaluated to determine its effectiveness in preventing dermal contact. Safety showers and eye wash stations should be located close to operations that involve ethylenediamine.

Splash-proof chemical safety goggles or face shields (20 to 30 cm long, minimum) should be worn during any operation in which a solvent, caustic, or other toxic substance may be splashed into the eyes.

In addition to the possible need for wearing protective outer apparel (e.g., aprons, encapsulating suits), workers should wear work uniforms, coveralls, or similar full-body coverings that are laundered each day. Employers should provide lockers or other closed areas to store work and street clothing separately. Employers should collect work clothing at the end of each work shift and provide for its laundering. Laundry personnel should be informed about the potential hazards of handling contaminated clothing and instructed about measures to minimize their health risk.

Protective clothing should be kept free of oil and grease and should be inspected and maintained regularly to preserve its effectiveness.

Protective clothing may interfere with the body's heat dissipation, especially during hot weather or during work in hot or poorly ventilated work environments.

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