Disclaimer: These guidelines were developed under contract using generally accepted secondary sources. The protocol used by the contractor for surveying these data sources was developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the Department of Energy (DOE). The information contained in these guidelines is intended for reference purposes only. None of the agencies have conducted a comprehensive check of the information and data contained in these sources. It provides a summary of information about chemicals that workers may be exposed to in their workplaces. The secondary sources used for supplements 111 and 1V were published before 1992 and 1993, respectively, and for the remainder of the guidelines the secondary sources used were published before September 1996. This information may be superseded by new developments in the field of industrial hygiene. Therefore readers are advised to determine whether new information is available.

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH GUIDELINE FOR ETHYL ACRYLATE

INTRODUCTION

This guideline summarizes pertinent information about ethyl acrylate for workers and employers as well as for physicians, industrial hygienists, and other occupational safety and health professionals who may need such information to conduct effective occupational safety and health programs. Recommendations may be superseded by new developments in these fields; readers are therefore advised to regard these recommendations as general guidelines and to determine whether new information is available.

SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION

* Formula

C(5)H(8)O(2)

* Structure

(For Structure, see paper copy)

* Synonyms

Ethyl-2-propenoate, ethyl propenate, acrylic acid ethyl ester, ethoxycarbonyl ethylene

* Identifiers

1. CAS No.: 140-88-5

2. RTECS No.: AT0700000

3. DOT UN: 1917 26 (ethyl acrylate, inhibited)

4. DOT label: Flammable liquid

* Appearance and odor

Ethyl acrylate is a colorless liquid with a sharp, acrid odor. The odor threshold for ethyl acrylate ranges from 0.001 to 0.005 part per million (ppm) parts of air.

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

* Physical data

1. Molecular weight: 100.1

2. Boiling point (at 760 mm Hg): 99.4 degrees C (210 degrees F)

3. Specific gravity (water = 1): 0.94 at 20 degrees C (68 degrees F)

4. Vapor density (air = 1.0): 3.45

5. Melting point: -71.2 degrees C (-96.2 degrees F)

6. Vapor pressure at 20 degrees C (68 degrees F): 29.3 mm Hg

7. Solubility: Slightly soluble in water; completely miscible with ether and alcohol.

8. Evaporation rate (butyl acetate = 1): 3.3

* Reactivity

1. Conditions contributing to instability: Elevated temperatures may cause polymerization.

2. Incompatibilities: Contact of ethyl acrylate with oxidizers, peroxides, polymerizers, strong alkalies, or moisture causes a violent reaction.

3. Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic gases (such as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide) may be released in a fire involving ethyl acrylate.

4. Special precautions: Ethyl acrylate must contain an inhibitor to prevent it from polymerizing spontaneously.

* Flammability

The National Fire Protection Association has assigned a flammability rating of 3 (severe fire hazard) to ethyl acrylate.

1. Flash point: 15 degrees C (60 degrees F)

2. Autoignition temperature: 383 degrees C (721 degrees F)

3. Flammable limits in air (percent by volume): Lower, 1.8; upper, 14

4. Extinguishant: For small fires use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or alcohol-resistant foam. Use water spray, fog, or alcohol-resistant foam to fight large fires involving ethyl acrylate.

Fires involving ethyl acrylate should be fought upwind and from the maximum distance possible. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate the hazard area and deny entry. Isolate the area for 1/2 mile in all directions if a tank, rail car, or tank truck is involved in the fire. For a massive fire in a cargo area, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from the area and let the fire burn. Emergency personnel should stay out of low areas. Vapors may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. Vapors are an explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors, or in sewers. Runoff to sewers may create a fire or explosion hazard. Containers of ethyl acrylate may explode in the heat of the fire and should be moved from the fire area if it is possible to do so safely. If this is not possible, cool fire-exposed containers from the sides with water until well after the fire is out. Stay away from the ends of containers. Personnel should withdraw immediately if a rising sound from a venting safety device is heard or if there is discoloration of a container due to fire. Firefighters should wear a full set of protective clothing, including a self-contained breathing apparatus, when fighting fires involving ethyl acrylate.

EXPOSURE LIMITS

* OSHA PEL

The current Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) for ethyl acrylate is 25 ppm (100 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m(3)) of air) as an 8-hour time- weighted average (TWA) concentration. The OSHA PEL also bears a "Skin" notation, which indicates that the cutaneous route of exposure (including mucous membranes and eyes) contributes to overall exposure [29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1].

* NIOSH REL

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has established a recommended exposure limit (REL) for ethyl acrylate of 4 ppm ()as a TWA for up to a 10-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek [NIOSH 1992].

* ACGIH TLV

The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has assigned ethyl acrylate a threshold limit value (TLV) of 5 ppm (20 mg/m(3)) as a TWA for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek and a short-term exposure limit (STEL) of 15 ppm (61 mg/m(3)) for periods not to exceed 15 minutes. Exposures at the STEL concentration should not be repeated more than four times a day and should be separated by intervals of at least 60 minutes [ACGIH 1994, p. 21].

* Rationale for Limits

The NIOSH limit is based on ethyl acrylate's carcinogenic potential [NIOSH 1992].

The ACGIH limits are based on the risk of eye, nose, respiratory tract, and skin irritation, as well as ethyl acrylate's status (A2 rating) as a suspected human carcinogen [ACGIH 1991, p. 571].

HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION

* Routes of Exposure

Exposure to ethyl acrylate can occur through inhalation, ingestion, and eye or skin contact.

* Summary of toxicology

1. Effects on Animals: Ethyl acrylate is a strong irritant of the eyes, nose, upper respiratory tract, and skin. This substance is also carcinogenic in mice and rats, causing tumors of the forestomach after oral gavage [IARC 1986]. The LC(50) in rats is 2180 ppm for 4 hours, and the oral LD(50) in rats is 400 mg/kg [NIOSH 1991]. The dermal LD(50) in rabbits is 1834 mg/kg [NIOSH 1991]. Direct contact of the liquid with the skin or eyes caused injury [ACGIH 1991]. Rats exposed to 300 or 540 ppm ethyl acrylate for 30 days died, and postmortem examination revealed pulmonary congestion, cloudy swelling of the liver and renal tubules, congestion of the liver, and excessive pigmentation of the spleen [ACGIH 1991]. Exposure to higher concentrations caused pulmonary edema, degenerative changes in the heart, liver, and kidneys, and death [ACGIH 1991]. Four monkeys were exposed by inhalation to concentrations of 24.5, 26.2, 272, or 1024 ppm (one monkey at each level). The monkeys exposed to 24.5 or 26.2 ppm for 130 7-hour exposures showed no signs of toxicity; the monkey exposed to 272 ppm was lethargic, lost weight, and had mucosal irritation after 28 days of exposure. The monkey exposed to 1024 ppm died after 2 days [ACGIH 1991]. Dose-related increases in the incidence of nonneoplastic lesions (hyperplasia, metaplasia) of the olfactory mucosa were seen in mice and rats of both sexes after exposure to 25, 75, or 225 ppm ethyl acrylate for 6 hours/day for 5 days/week for 6 or 27 months [IARC 1986]. Male mice exposed to ethyl acrylate by inhalation (225 ppm) showed an excess of thyroid follicular adenomas. Ethyl acrylate is fetotoxic at near-toxic maternal doses and has caused skeletal abnormalities in the offspring of pregnant rats fed ethyl acrylate during gestation [NLM 1991].

2. Effects on Humans: Ethyl acrylate is a strong irritant of the eyes, skin, mucous membranes, respiratory system, and gastrointestinal tract in humans [Clayton and Clayton 1982; Hathaway et al. 1991]. At a concentration of 50 ppm, for a period of exposure described only as "prolonged," exposure to ethyl acrylate caused drowsiness, headache, and nausea [ACGIH 1991; Hathaway et al. 1991]. Ethyl acrylate causes sensitization in some exposed individuals; a 4 percent concentration in petroleum jelly caused skin sensitization in 10 of 24 volunteers [ACGIH 1991; Hathaway et al. 1991].

* Signs and symptoms of exposure

1. Acute exposure: Acute exposure to ethyl acrylate vapor may cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, with tearing, runny nose, and burning of the throat.

2. Chronic exposure: Chronic exposure to ethyl acrylate may cause skin sensitization, with redness, swelling, and itching of the affected areas.

EMERGENCY MEDICAL PROCEDURES

* Emergency medical procedures: [NIOSH to supply]

5. Rescue: Remove an incapacitated worker from further exposure and implement appropriate emergency procedures (e.g., those listed on the Material Safety Data Sheet required by OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard [29 CFR 1910.1200]). All workers should be familiar with emergency procedures, the location and proper use of emergency equipment, and methods of protecting themselves during rescue operations.

EXPOSURE SOURCES AND CONTROL METHODS

The following operations may involve ethyl acrylate and lead to worker exposures to this substance:

* The manufacture and transportation of ethyl acrylate

* Use in synthetic flavoring and fragrances

* Component of acrylic emulsion polymers used in latex points

* Ingredient in fabric finishes, pigment binders, dirt-release agents, and thickeners

* Use in paper coatings, floor polishes and sealants, shoe polishes, adhesives, caulking compounds, and grinders

Methods that are effective in controlling worker exposures to ethyl acrylate, depending on the feasibility of implementation, are as follows:

* Process enclosure
* Local exhaust ventilation
* General dilution ventilation
* Personal protective equipment

Workers responding to a release or potential release of a hazardous substance must be protected as required by paragraph (q) of OSHA's Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard [29 CFR 1910.120].

Good sources of information about control methods are as follows:

1. ACGIH [1992]. Industrial ventilation--a manual of recommended practice. 21(st) ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

2. Burton DJ [1986]. Industrial ventilation--a self study companion. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

3. Alden JL, Kane JM [1982]. Design of industrial ventilation systems. New York, NY: Industrial Press, Inc.

4. Wadden RA, Scheff PA [1987]. Engineering design for control of workplace hazards. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

5. Plog BA [1988]. Fundamentals of industrial hygiene. Chicago, IL: National Safety Council.

MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE

OSHA is currently developing requirements for the medical surveillance of workers. When these requirements have been promulgated, readers should refer to them for additional information and to determine whether employers whose employees are exposed to ethyl acrylate are required to implement medical surveillance procedures.

Medical Screening:

Workers who may be exposed to chemical hazards should be monitored in a systematic program of medical surveillance that is intended to prevent occupational injury and disease. The program should include education of employers and workers about work-related hazards, early detection of adverse health effects, and referral of workers for diagnosis and treatment. The occurrence of disease or other work-related adverse health effects should prompt immediate evaluation of primary preventive measures (e.g., industrial hygiene monitoring, engineering controls, and personal protective equipment). A medical surveillance program is intended to supplement, not replace, such measures. To detect and control work-related health effects, medical evaluations should be performed (1) before job placement, (2) periodically during the term of employment, and (3) at the time of job transfer or termination.

* Preplacement medical evaluation

Before a worker is placed in a job with a potential for exposure to ethyl acrylate, a licensed health care professional should evaluate and document the worker's baseline health status with thorough medical, environmental, and occupational histories, a physical examination, and physiologic and laboratory tests appropriate for the anticipated occupational risks. These should concentrate on the function and integrity of the respiratory system and skin. Medical surveillance for respiratory disease should be conducted using the principles and methods recommended by NIOSH and the American Thoracic Society.

A preplacement medical evaluation is recommended to assess medical conditions that may be aggravated or may result in increased risk when a worker is exposed to ethyl acrylate at or below the prescribed exposure limit. The health care professional should consider the probable frequency, intensity, and duration of exposure as well as the nature and degree of any applicable medical condition. Such conditions (which should not be regarded as absolute contraindications to job placement) include a history and other findings consistent with diseases of the respiratory tract or skin.

* Periodic medical evaluations

Occupational health interviews and physical examinations should be performed at regular intervals during the employment period, as mandated by any applicable Federal, State, or local standard. Where no standard exists and the hazard is minimal, evaluations should be conducted every 3 to 5 years or as frequently as recommended by an experienced occupational health physician. Additional examinations may be necessary if a worker develops symptoms attributable to ethyl acrylate exposure. The interviews, examinations, and medical screening tests should focus on identifying the adverse effects of ethyl acrylate on the respiratory tract or skin. Current health status should be compared with the baseline health status of the individual worker or with expected values for a suitable reference population.

* Termination medical evaluations

The medical, environmental, and occupational history interviews, the physical examination, and selected physiologic or laboratory tests that were conducted at the time of placement should be repeated at the time of job transfer or termination to determine the worker's medical status at the end of his or her employment. Any changes in the worker's health status should be compared with those expected for a suitable reference population.

* Biological monitoring

Biological monitoring involves sampling and analyzing body tissues or fluids to provide an index of exposure to a toxic substance or metabolite. No biological monitoring test acceptable for routine use has yet been developed for ethyl acrylate.

WORKPLACE MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT

Determination of a worker's exposure to airborne ethyl acrylate should be made using a charcoal tube (100/50 mg sections, 20/40 mesh). Samples should be collected at a maximum flow rate of 0.2 liter/minute (TWA) until a maximum collection volume of 10 liters is reached. The charcoal tube is then treated with carbon disulfide. Analysis is conducted by gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector. The limit of detection for this procedure is 0.02 mg per sample. This method is described in NIOSH Method No. 1450 [NIOSH 1994] and in the OSHA Computerized Information System [OSHA 1992].

PERSONAL HYGIENE PROCEDURES

If ethyl acrylate contacts the skin, workers should flush the affected areas immediately with plenty of water, followed by washing with soap and water.

Clothing contaminated with ethyl acrylate should be removed immediately, and provisions should be made for the safe removal of the chemical from the clothing.

A worker who handles ethyl acrylate should thoroughly wash hands, forearms, and face with soap and water before eating, using tobacco products, using toilet facilities, applying cosmetics, or taking medication.

Workers should not eat, drink, use tobacco products, apply cosmetics, or take medication in areas where ethyl acrylate or a solution containing ethyl acrylate is handled, processed, or stored.

STORAGE

Ethyl acrylate should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area in tightly sealed containers that are labeled in accordance with OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard [29 CFR 1910.1200]. Containers of ethyl acrylate should be protected from moisture and physical damage, and should be stored separately from oxidizers, peroxides, polymerizers, or strong alkalies.

SPILLS AND LEAKS

In the event of a spill or leak involving ethyl acrylate, persons not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be restricted from contaminated areas until cleanup has been completed. The following steps should be undertaken following a spill or leak:

1. Stop the leak if it is possible to do so without risk.

2. Notify safety personnel of large leaks.

3. Remove all sources of heat and ignition.

4. Provide maximum explosion-proof ventilation.

5. Use non-sparking tools.

6. Water spray may be used to reduce vapors, but the spray may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

7. For small spills, take up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into closed containers for later disposal.

8. For large spills, build dikes far ahead of the spill to contain the ethyl acrylate for later reclamation or disposal.

SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirements for emergency planning, reportable quantities of hazardous releases, community right-to- know, and hazardous waste management may change over time. Users are therefore advised to determine periodically whether new information is available.

* Emergency planning requirements

Ethyl acrylate is not subject to EPA emergency planning requirements under the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) (Title III) in 42 USC 11022.

* Reportable quantity requirements for hazardous releases

A hazardous substance release is defined by EPA as any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment (including the abandonment or discarding of contaminated containers) of hazardous substances. In the event of a release that is above the reportable quantity for that chemical, employers are required to notify the proper Federal, State, and local authorities [40 CFR 355.40].

The reportable quantity of ethyl acrylate is 1000 pounds. If an amount equal to or greater than this quantity is released within a 24-hour period in a manner that will expose persons outside the facility, employers are required to do the following:

- Notify the National Response Center immediately at (800) 424-8802 or at (202) 426-2675 in Washington, D.C. [40 CFR 302.6].

* Community right-to-know requirements

Employers who own or operate facilities in SIC codes 20 to 39 that employ 10 or more workers and that manufacture 25,000 pounds or more of ethyl acrylate per calendar year or otherwise use 10,000 pounds or more of ethyl acrylate per calendar year are required by EPA [40 CFR Part 372.30] to submit a Toxic Chemical Release Inventory form (Form R) to EPA reporting the amount of ethyl acrylate emitted or released from their facility annually.

* Hazardous waste management requirements

EPA considers a waste to be hazardous if it exhibits any of the following characteristics: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity as defined in 40 CFR 261.21-261.24. Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) [40 USC 6901 et seq.], EPA has specifically listed many chemical wastes as hazardous. Ethyl acrylate is listed as a hazardous waste under RCRA and has been assigned EPA Hazardous Waste No. U113. This substance has been banned from land disposal until treated by fuel substitution or incineration.

Providing detailed information about the removal and disposal of specific chemicals is beyond the scope of this guideline. The U.S. Department of Transportation, EPA, and State and local regulations should be followed to ensure that removal, transport, and disposal of this substance are conducted in accordance with existing regulations. To be certain that chemical waste disposal meets EPA regulatory requirements, employers should address any questions to the RCRA hotline at (703) 412-9810 (in the Washington, D.C. area) or toll-free at (800) 424-9346 (outside Washington, D.C.). In addition, relevant State and local authorities should be contacted for information on any requirements they may have for the waste removal and disposal of this substance.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

* Conditions for respirator use

Good industrial hygiene practice requires that engineering controls be used where feasible to reduce workplace concentrations of hazardous materials to the prescribed exposure limit. However, some situations may require the use of respirators to control exposure. Respirators must be worn if the ambient concentration of ethyl acrylate exceeds prescribed exposure limits. Respirators may be used (1) before engineering controls have been installed, (2) during work operations such as maintenance or repair activities that involve unknown exposures, (3) during operations that require entry into tanks or closed vessels, and (4) during emergencies. Workers should only use respirators that have been approved by NIOSH and the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA).

* Respiratory protection program

Employers should institute a complete respiratory protection program that, at a minimum, complies with the requirements of OSHA's Respiratory Protection Standard [29 CFR 1910.134]. Such a program must include respirator selection, an evaluation of the worker's ability to perform the work while wearing a respirator, the regular training of personnel, respirator fit testing, periodic workplace monitoring, and regular respirator maintenance, inspection, and cleaning. The implementation of an adequate respiratory protection program (including selection of the correct respirator) requires that a knowledgeable person be in charge of the program and that the program be evaluated regularly. For additional information on the selection and use of respirators and on the medical screening of respirator users, consult the latest edition of the NIOSH Respirator Decision Logic [NIOSH 1987b] and the NIOSH Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection [NIOSH 1987a].

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Workers should use appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment that must be carefully selected, used, and maintained to be effective in preventing skin contact with ethyl acrylate. The selection of the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) (e.g., gloves, sleeves, encapsulating suits) should be based on the extent of the worker's potential exposure to ethyl acrylate. The resistance of various materials to permeation by ethyl acrylate is shown below:

(*) Not recommended, degradation may occur

To evaluate the use of these materials with ethyl acrylate, users should consult the best available performance data and manufacturers' recommendations. Significant differences have been demonstrated in the chemical resistance of generically similar PPE materials (e.g., butyl) produced by different manufacturers. In addition, the chemical resistance of a mixture may be significantly different from that of any of its neat components.

Any chemical-resistant clothing that is used should be periodically evaluated to determine its effectiveness in preventing dermal contact. Safety showers and eye wash stations should be located close to operations that involve ethyl acrylate.

Splash-proof chemical safety goggles or face shields (20 to 30 cm long, minimum) should be worn during any operation in which a solvent, caustic, or other toxic substance may be splashed into the eyes.

In addition to the possible need for wearing protective outer apparel (e.g., aprons, encapsulating suits), workers should wear work uniforms, coveralls, or similar full-body coverings that are laundered each day. Employers should provide lockers or other closed areas to store work and street clothing separately. Employers should collect work clothing at the end of each work shift and provide for its laundering. Laundry personnel should be informed about the potential hazards of handling contaminated clothing and instructed about measures to minimize their health risk.

Protective clothing should be kept free of oil and grease and should be inspected and maintained regularly to preserve its effectiveness.

Protective clothing may interfere with the body's heat dissipation, especially during hot weather or during work in hot or poorly ventilated work environments.

REFERENCES

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ACGIH [1991]. Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

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