Disclaimer: These guidelines were developed under contract using generally accepted secondary sources. The protocol used by the contractor for surveying these data sources was developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the Department of Energy (DOE). The information contained in these guidelines is intended for reference purposes only. None of the agencies have conducted a comprehensive check of the information and data contained in these sources. It provides a summary of information about chemicals that workers may be exposed to in their workplaces. The secondary sources used for supplements 111 and 1V were published before 1992 and 1993, respectively, and for the remainder of the guidelines the secondary sources used were published before September 1996. This information may be superseded by new developments in the field of industrial hygiene. Therefore readers are advised to determine whether new information is available.

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH GUIDELINE FOR 2-ETHOXYETHANOL

INTRODUCTION

This guideline summarizes pertinent information about 2-ethoxyethanol for workers and employers as well as for physicians, industrial hygienists, and other occupational safety and health professionals who may need such information to conduct effective occupational safety and health programs. Recommendations may be superseded by new developments in these fields; readers are therefore advised to regard these recommendations as general guidelines and to determine whether new information is available.

SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION

* Formula

C(4)H(10)O(2)()

* Structure

(For Structure, see paper copy)

* Synonyms

Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, cellosolve solvent, ethyl cellosolve, glycol ethyl ether, dowanol EE, poly-solv EE, hydroxyether, oxitol

* Identifiers

1. CAS No.: 110-80-5

2. RTECS No.: KK8050000

3. DOT UN: 1171 26

4. DOT label: Flammable liquid

* Appearance and odor

2-Ethoxyethanol is a colorless liquid with a faint, sweetish odor. An odor threshold of 190 parts per million (ppm) parts of air has been reported.

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

* Physical data

1. Molecular weight: 90.1

2. Boiling point (at 760 mm Hg): 135 degrees C (275 degrees F)

3. Specific gravity (water = 1): 0.93 at 20 degrees C (68 degrees F)

4. Vapor density: 3.1

5. Melting point: -70 degrees C (-94 degrees F)

6. Vapor pressure at 20 degrees C (68 degrees F): 3.8 mm Hg

7. Solubility: Miscible with water in all proportions; miscible in alcohol, liquid esters, ether, and acetone.

8. Evaporation rate: Data not available.

* Reactivity

1. Conditions contributing to instability: 2-Ethoxyethanol forms highly explosive peroxides in air (this does not occur if the 2-ethoxyethanol is in solution). Heat and other ignition sources should be avoided.

2. Incompatibilities: Contact between 2-ethoxyethanol and strong oxidizers and hydrogen peroxide + toluene + polyacrylamide gel (explosive) should be avoided.

3. Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic gases such as the oxides of carbon may be released in a fire involving 2-ethoxyethanol.

4. Special precautions: None reported.

* Flammability

The National Fire Protection Association has assigned a flammability rating of 2 (moderate fire hazard) to 2-ethoxyethanol.

1. Flash point: 49 degrees C (120.2 degrees F) (open cup)

2. Autoignition temperature: 235 degrees C (455 degrees F)

3. Flammable limits in air (percent by volume): Lower, 1.7 percent at 93 degrees C (200 degrees F); upper, 15.6 percent at 93 degrees C (200 degrees F)

4. Extinguishant: For small fires use dry chemical, water spray, carbon dioxide, or alcohol-resistant foam. Use water spray, fog, or alcohol-resistant foam to fight large fires involving 2-ethoxyethanol.

Fires involving 2-ethoxyethanol should be fought upwind from the maximum distance possible. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate the hazard area and deny entry. Isolate the area for 1/2 mile in all directions if a tank, rail car, or tank truck is involved in the fire. For a massive fire in a cargo area, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from the area and let the fire burn. Emergency personnel should stay out of low areas and ventilate closed spaces before entering. Vapors may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. Vapors are an explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors, or in sewers. Containers of 2-ethoxyethanol may explode in the heat of the fire and should be moved from the fire area if it is possible to do so safely. If this is not possible, cool fire exposed containers from the sides with water until well after the fire is out. Stay away from the ends of containers. Personnel should withdraw immediately if a rising sound from a venting safety device is heard or if there is discoloration of a container due to fire. Firefighters should wear a full set of protective clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving 2-ethoxyethanol.

EXPOSURE LIMITS

* OSHA PEL

The current Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) for 2-ethoxyethanol is 200 ppm (740 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m(3))) as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) concentration. The OSHA PEL also bears a "Skin" notation, which indicates that the cutaneous route of exposure (including mucous membranes and eyes) contributes to overall exposure [29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1].

* NIOSH REL

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has established a recommended exposure limit (REL) for 2-ethoxyethanol of 0.5 ppm (1.8 mg/m(3)) as a TWA for up to a 10-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek. NIOSH also assigns a "Skin" notation to 2-ethoxyethanol [NIOSH 1992].

* ACGIH TLV

The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has assigned 2-ethoxyethanol a threshold limit value (TLV) of 5 ppm (18 mg/m(3)) as a TWA for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek. The ACGIH also assigns a "Skin" notation to 2-ethoxyethanol [ACGIH 1994, p. 21].

* Rationale for Limits

The NIOSH limit is based on the risk of reproductive and developmental effects, and blood, central nervous system, and hematopoietic system effects [NIOSH 1992].

The ACGIH limit is based on analogy to the toxicity of 2-methoxyethanol [ACGIH 1991, p. 565].

HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION

* Routes of Exposure

Exposure to 2-ethoxyethanol can occur through inhalation, ingestion, eye or skin contact, and absorption through the skin.

* Summary of toxicology

1. Effects on Animals: Exposure to high concentrations of 2-ethoxyethanol causes damage to the kidneys, lungs, and liver, mild irritation of the eyes, anemia, and adverse reproductive effects. The oral LD(50) for 2-ethoxyethanol in guinea pigs and rats are 1,400 mg/kg and 2,125 mg/kg, respectively. The dermal LD(50) in rabbits is 3,300 mg/kg [NIOSH 1995]. The lowest reported lethal concentration in mice is 1,820 ppm for a 7-hour exposure; death was caused by pulmonary edema and kidney injury [Hathaway et al. 1991]. Acute oral exposures caused hemorrhage of the stomach and intestines, mild liver injury, severe kidney injury, and hematuria in experimental animals [Clayton and Clayton 1982]. In another study, acute exposure of female rats to sublethal concentrations of 125 ppm for 4 hours caused the red blood cells to be fragile to osmotic insults [Hathaway et al. 1991]. In rabbits exposed to seven daily doses of 0.25 ml/kg, both protein and blood were detected in the urine, and death occurred on day 8 as a result of kidney failure [Clayton and Clayton 1982]. In dogs exposed chronically to 840 ppm, slight anemia was noted [Hathaway et al. 1991]. When instilled into rabbit eyes, 2-ethoxyethanol caused apparent discomfort, conjunctival irritation, and transient, reversible irritation of the cornea. No significant ocular injury is reported for eye exposures to 2-ethoxyethanol vapor at concentrations that are probably lethal [Grant 1986]. 2-Ethoxyethanol is embryotoxic, fetotoxic, and teratogenic following subacute exposures by inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption. An increased incidence of fetal resorption, fetal growth retardation, and congenital malformations of the heart, kidneys, skeleton, and ventral body wall has been reported in mice, rats, and rabbits following exposure in utero to levels that are not maternally toxic. These teratogenic effects were dose-related [Hathaway et al. 1991]. Reversible testicular atrophy was observed in rats and mice exposed to 2-ethoxyethanol at a dose of 1,000 mg/kg/day [ACGIH 1991].

2. Effects on Humans: 2-Ethoxyethanol is an irritant of the eyes and upper respiratory tract. This substance may also cause reproductive effects in occupationally exposed men and women and embryotoxic and teratogenic effects in the offspring of exposed pregnant women. In one instance, a 44-year old female who accidentally ingested approximately 40 milliliters of the substance became vertiginous and unconscious shortly after exposure. Upon examination the individual was found to be cyanotic and had tachypneumonary edema, repeated tonic-clonic spasms, and acetone on her breath [Clayton and Clayton 1982]. A recent study of 73 painters exposed to concentrations ranging from 0 to 80.5 mg/m(3) revealed an increased prevalence of oligospermia and azoospermia, and an increased odds ratio for lower sperm count [Hathaway et al. 1991]. However, this study is of questionable value because of concomitant exposure to other substances.

* Signs and symptoms of exposure

1. Acute exposure: Acute exposure to 2-ethoxyethanol may cause headache, drowsiness, weakness, staggering gait, and tremor. Exposure of the eyes to 2-ethoxyethanol causes immediate pain, with corneal and conjunctival irritation and tearing that clears within 24 hours. Ingestion causes dizziness, unconsciousness, muscular spasms, pulmonary edema, and cyanosis (blueness of the lips, ears, and nail beds).

2. Chronic exposure: Chronic exposure causes kidney injury, manifested as albuminuria or hematuria.

EMERGENCY MEDICAL PROCEDURES

* Emergency medical procedures: [NIOSH to supply]

5. Rescue: Remove an incapacitated worker from further exposure and implement appropriate emergency procedures (e.g., those listed on the Material Safety Data Sheet required by OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard [29 CFR 1910.1200]). All workers should be familiar with emergency procedures, the location and proper use of emergency equipment, and methods of protecting themselves during rescue operations.

EXPOSURE SOURCES AND CONTROL METHODS

The following operations may involve 2-ethoxyethanol and lead to worker exposures to this substance:

* The manufacture and transportation of 2-ethoxyethanol

* Use as solvent in manufacture of epoxy and lacquers, lacquer thinners, dopes, nitrocellulose lacquers, alkyd resins, printing ink, duplicating fluids, varnish removers, cleaning compounds, soaps, cosmetics, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, adhesives, and detergents; during use in textile dyeing and printing and in manufacture of leather finishes; and as a mutual solvent in formulating soluble oils

* Use as an anti-icing additive in manufacture of brake fluids, aviation fuels, and automotive anti-stall and detergent additives

Methods that are effective in controlling worker exposures to 2-ethoxyethanol, depending on the feasibility of implementation, are as follows:

* Process enclosure
* Local exhaust ventilation
* General dilution ventilation
* Personal protective equipment

Workers responding to a release or potential release of a hazardous substance must be protected as required by paragraph (q) of OSHA's Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard [29 CFR 1910.120].

Good sources of information about control methods are as follows:

1. ACGIH [1992]. Industrial ventilation--a manual of recommended practice. 21st ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

2. Burton DJ [1986]. Industrial ventilation--a self study companion. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

3. Alden JL, Kane JM [1982]. Design of industrial ventilation systems. New York, NY: Industrial Press, Inc.

4. Wadden RA, Scheff PA [1987]. Engineering design for control of workplace hazards. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

5. Plog BA [1988]. Fundamentals of industrial hygiene. Chicago, IL: National Safety Council.

MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE

OSHA is currently developing requirements for medical surveillance. When these requirements are promulgated, readers should refer to them for additional information and to determine whether employers whose employees are exposed to 2-ethoxyethanol are required to implement medical surveillance procedures.

* Medical Screening

Workers who may be exposed to chemical hazards should be monitored in a systematic program of medical surveillance that is intended to prevent occupational injury and disease. The program should include education of employers and workers about work-related hazards, early detection of adverse health effects, and referral of workers for diagnosis and treatment. The occurrence of disease or other work- related adverse health effects should prompt immediate evaluation of primary preventive measures (e.g., industrial hygiene monitoring, engineering controls, and personal protective equipment). A medical surveillance program is intended to supplement, not replace, such measures. To detect and control work-related health effects, medical evaluations should be performed (1) before job placement, (2) periodically during the term of employment, and (3) at the time of job transfer or termination.

* Preplacement medical evaluation

Before a worker is placed in a job with a potential for exposure to 2-ethoxyethanol, a licensed health care professional should evaluate and document the worker's baseline health status with thorough medical, environmental, and occupational histories, a physical examination, and physiologic and laboratory tests appropriate for the anticipated occupational risks. These should concentrate on the function and integrity of the central nervous system, respiratory system, kidneys, liver, skin, blood, and reproductive system in men and women. Medical surveillance for respiratory disease should be conducted using the principles and methods recommended by the American Thoracic Society.

A preplacement medical evaluation is recommended to assess medical conditions that may be aggravated or may result in increased risk when a worker is exposed to 2-ethoxyethanol at or below the prescribed exposure limit. The health care professional should consider the probable frequency, intensity, and duration of exposure as well as the nature and degree of any applicable medical condition. Such conditions (which should not be regarded as absolute contraindications to job placement) include a history and other findings consistent with diseases of the central nervous system, respiratory system, kidneys, liver, skin, blood, or reproductive system in men and women.

* Periodic medical evaluations

Occupational health interviews and physical examinations should be performed at regular intervals during the employment period, as mandated by any applicable Federal, State, or local standard. Where no standard exists and the hazard is minimal, evaluations should be conducted every 3 to 5 years or as frequently as recommended by an experienced occupational health physician. Additional examinations may be necessary if a worker develops symptoms attributable to 2-ethoxyethanol exposure. The interviews, examinations, and medical screening tests should focus on identifying the adverse effects of 2-ethoxyethanol on the central nervous system, respiratory system, kidneys, liver, skin, blood, or reproductive system in men and women. Current health status should be compared with the baseline health status of the individual worker or with expected values for a suitable reference population.

* Termination medical evaluations

The medical, environmental, and occupational history interviews, the physical examination, and selected physiologic or laboratory tests that were conducted at the time of placement should be repeated at the time of job transfer or termination to determine the worker's medical status at the end of his or her employment. Any changes in the worker's health status should be compared with those expected for a suitable reference population.

* Biological monitoring

Biological monitoring involves sampling and analyzing body tissues or fluids to provide an index of exposure to a toxic substance or metabolite. Exposure to 2-ethoxyethanol can be estimated by taking end of shift urine samples at the end of the workweek. The metabolite 2-ethoxyacetic acid is measured in the urine and the biological exposure index is 100 mg/g creatinine.

WORKPLACE MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT

Determination of a worker's exposure to airborne 2-ethoxyethanol is made using a charcoal tube (100/50 mg sections, 20/40 mesh). Samples are collected at a maximum flow rate of 0.1 liter/minute until a maximum collection volume of 48 liters is reached. The sample is then treated with 95:5 methylene chloride:methanol. Analysis is conducted by gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector (GC/FID). This method (OSHA # 79) is described in the OSHA Computerized Information System [OSHA 1994] and is fully validated. NIOSH has published a similar method (Method No. 1403) in the NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods [NIOSH 1994].

PERSONAL HYGIENE PROCEDURES

If 2-ethoxyethanol contacts the skin, workers should flush the affected areas immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, followed by washing with soap and water.

Clothing contaminated with 2-ethoxyethanol should be removed immediately, and provisions should be made for the safe removal of the chemical from the clothing. Persons laundering the clothes should be informed of the hazardous properties of 2-ethoxyethanol, particularly its potential for causing skin and eye irritation.

A worker who handles 2-ethoxyethanol should thoroughly wash hands, forearms, and face with soap and water before eating, using tobacco products, using toilet facilities, applying cosmetics, or taking medication.

Workers should not eat, drink, use tobacco products, apply cosmetics, or take medication in areas where 2-ethoxyethanol or a solution containing 2-ethoxyethanol is handled, processed, or stored.

STORAGE

2-Ethoxyethanol should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area in tightly sealed containers that are labeled in accordance with OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard [29 CFR 1910.1200]. Containers of 2-ethoxyethanol should be protected from physical damage and ignition sources, and should be stored separately from strong oxidizers and hydrogen peroxide + toluene + polyacrylamide gel.

SPILLS AND LEAKS

In the event of a spill or leak involving 2-ethoxyethanol, persons not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be restricted from contaminated areas until cleanup has been completed. The following steps should be undertaken following a spill or leak:

1. Do not touch the spilled material; stop the leak if it is possible to do so without risk.

2. Notify safety personnel.

3. Remove all sources of heat and ignition.

4. Ventilate the area of the spill or leak.

5. Water spray may be used to reduce vapors, but the spray may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

6. For small spills, take up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into closed containers for later disposal.

7. For large liquid spills, build dikes far ahead of the spill to contain the 2-ethoxyethanol for later reclamation or disposal.

SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirements for emergency planning, reportable quantities of hazardous releases, community right-to-know, and hazardous waste management may change over time. Users are therefore advised to determine periodically whether new information is available.

* Emergency planning requirements

2-Ethoxyethanol is not subject to EPA emergency planning requirements under the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) (Title III) in 42 USC 11022.

* Reportable quantity requirements for hazardous releases

A hazardous substance release is defined by EPA as any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment (including the abandonment or discarding of contaminated containers) of hazardous substances. In the event of a release that is above the reportable quantity for that chemical, employers are required to notify the proper Federal, State, and local authorities [40 CFR 355.40].

The reportable quantity of 2-ethoxyethanol is 1,000 pounds. If an amount equal to or greater than this quantity is released within a 24-hour period in a manner that will expose persons outside the facility, employers are required to do the following:

- Notify the National Response Center immediately at (800) 424-8802 or at (202) 426-2675 in Washington, D.C. [40 CFR 302.6].

* Community right-to-know requirements

Employers who own or operate facilities in SIC codes 20 to 39 that employ 10 or more workers and that manufacture 25,000 pounds or more of 2-ethoxyethanol per calendar year or otherwise use 10,000 pounds or more of 2-ethoxyethanol per calendar year are required by EPA [40 CFR Part 372.30] to submit a Toxic Chemical Release Inventory form (Form R) to EPA reporting the amount of 2-ethoxyethanol emitted or released from their facility annually.

* Hazardous waste management requirements

EPA considers a waste to be hazardous if it exhibits any of the following characteristics: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity as defined in 40 CFR 261.21-261.24. Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) [40 USC 6901 et seq.], EPA has specifically listed many chemical wastes as hazardous.

2-Ethoxyethanol is listed as a hazardous waste under RCRA and has been assigned EPA Hazardous Waste No. U359. This substance has been banned from land disposal until treated by incineration or fuel substitution.

Providing detailed information about the removal and disposal of specific chemicals is beyond the scope of this guideline. The U.S. Department of Transportation, EPA, and State and local regulations should be followed to ensure that removal, transport, and disposal of this substance are conducted in accordance with existing regulations. To be certain that chemical waste disposal meets EPA regulatory requirements, employers should address any questions to the RCRA hotline at (703) 412-9810 (in the Washington, D.C. area) or toll-free at (800) 424-9346 (outside Washington, D.C.). In addition, relevant State and local authorities should be contacted for information on any requirements they may have for the waste removal and disposal of this substance.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

* Conditions for respirator use

Good industrial hygiene practice requires that engineering controls be used where feasible to reduce workplace concentrations of hazardous materials to the prescribed exposure limit. However, some situations may require the use of respirators to control exposure. Respirators must be worn if the ambient concentration of 2-ethoxyethanol exceeds prescribed exposure limits. Respirators may be used (1) before engineering controls have been installed, (2) during work operations such as maintenance or repair activities that involve unknown exposures, (3) during operations that require entry into tanks or closed vessels, and (4) during emergencies. Workers should only use respirators that have been approved by NIOSH and the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA).

* Respiratory protection program

Employers should institute a complete respiratory protection program that, at a minimum, complies with the requirements of OSHA's Respiratory Protection Standard [29 CFR 1910.134]. Such a program must include respirator selection, an evaluation of the worker's ability to perform the work while wearing a respirator, the regular training of personnel, respirator fit testing, periodic workplace monitoring, and regular respirator maintenance, inspection, and cleaning. The implementation of an adequate respiratory protection program (including selection of the correct respirator) requires that a knowledgeable person be in charge of the program and that the program be evaluated regularly. For additional information on the selection and use of respirators and on the medical screening of respirator users, consult the latest edition of the NIOSH Respirator Decision Logic [NIOSH 1987b] and the NIOSH Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection [NIOSH 1987a].

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Workers should use appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment that must be carefully selected, used, and maintained to be effective in preventing skin contact with 2-ethoxyethanol. The selection of the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) (e.g., gloves, sleeves, encapsulating suits) should be based on the extent of the worker's potential exposure to 2-ethoxyethanol. The resistance of various materials to permeation by 2-ethoxyethanol is shown below:

(*) Not recommended, degradation may occur

To evaluate the use of these materials with 2-ethoxyethanol, users should consult the best available performance data and manufacturers' recommendations. Significant differences have been demonstrated in the chemical resistance of generically similar PPE materials (e.g., butyl) produced by different manufacturers. In addition, the chemical resistance of a mixture may be significantly different from that of any of its neat components.

Any chemical-resistant clothing that is used should be periodically evaluated to determine its effectiveness in preventing dermal contact. Safety showers and eye wash stations should be located close to operations that involve 2-ethoxyethanol.

Splash-proof chemical safety goggles or face shields (20 to 30 cm long, minimum) should be worn during any operation in which a solvent, caustic, or other toxic substance may be splashed into the eyes.

In addition to the possible need for wearing protective outer apparel (e.g., aprons, encapsulating suits), workers should wear work uniforms, coveralls, or similar full-body coverings that are laundered each day. Employers should provide lockers or other closed areas to store work and street clothing separately. Employers should collect work clothing at the end of each work shift and provide for its laundering. Laundry personnel should be informed about the potential hazards of handling contaminated clothing and instructed about measures to minimize their health risk.

Protective clothing should be kept free of oil and grease and should be inspected and maintained regularly to preserve its effectiveness.

Protective clothing may interfere with the body's heat dissipation, especially during hot weather or during work in hot or poorly ventilated work environments.

REFERENCES

ACGIH [1991]. Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

ACGIH [1994]. 1994-1995 Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

AIHA [1986]. Hygienic guide series. Akron, OH: American Industrial Hygiene Association.

ATS [1987]. Standardization of spirometry -- 1987 update. American Thoracic Society. Am Rev Respir Dis 136:1285-1296.

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