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Chemical Sampling Information |
| Pyridine |
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General Description
Synonyms: Azabenzene; Azine
OSHA IMIS Code Number: 2220
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number: 110-86-1
NIOSH, Registry of Toxic Effects (RTECS) Identification Number: UR8400000
Department of Transportation Regulation Number (49 CFR 172.101) and Guide: 1282 129 [27 KB, PDF]
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Pyridine: chemical description, physical properties, potentially hazardous incompatibilities, and more
Exposure Limits
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for General Industry: 29 CFR 1910.1000 Z-1 Table -- 5 ppm, 15 mg/m3 TWA
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for Construction Industry: 29 CFR 1926.55 Appendix A -- 5 ppm, 15 mg/m3 TWA
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for Maritime: 29 CFR 1915.1000 Table Z-Shipyards -- 5 ppm, 15 mg/m3 TWA
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 1 ppm, 3.2 mg/m3 TWA; Appendix A3 - Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Limit (REL): 5 ppm, 15 mg/m3 TWA
Health Factors
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) carcinogenic classification: Group 3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. [103 KB, PDF]
NIOSH Immediately Dangerous To Life or Health Concentration (IDLH): 1,000 ppm
Potential symptoms: Irritation of eyes, skin, respiratory tract; cough, shortness of breath; headache, anxiety, dizziness, insomnia; nausea, anorexia; unconsciousness; dermatitis; liver, kidney damage; eye damage (on contact with liquid); SKIN ABS.: Redness; burning sensation; INGES. ACUTE: Abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea; weakness.
Health Effects: Cumulative liver, kidney and bone marrow damage (HE3) CNS effects (HE7); Irritation-Eyes, Nose, Throat, Skin---Moderate (HE15).
Affected organs: Eyes, skin, CNS, liver, kidneys, GI tract
Notes:
- Vapor/air mixtures of pyridine may be explosive.
- Pyridine is listed among FDA’s “food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption” (21 CFR 172.515).
- EPA’s reference dose (RfD, daily oral exposure likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime) for pyridine is 0.001 mg/kg/day.
- Chronic oral ingestion of pyridine by mice in daily doses up to 70 mg/kg caused a dose-related increase in incidence of liver cancer, whereas rats receiving up to 36 mg/kg daily showed liver and kidney damage.
- Urinary metabolites of radiolabled pyridine given orally to two volunteers included pyridine N-oxide (32% of the dose) and N-methylpyridinium ion (6-12% of the dose).
Date Last Revised: 09/14/2006
Literature Basis:
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards: Pyridine.
- International Chemical Safety Cards (WHO/IPCS/ILO): Pyridine.
- U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System: Pyridine (CASRN 110-86-1).
- Damani, L.A., Crooks, P.A., Shaker, M.S., Caldwell, J., D’Souza, J. and Smith, R.L.: Species differences in the metabolic C- and N-oxidation, and N-methylation of [14C]pyridine in vivo. Xenobiotica 12(8): 527-534, 1982.
- National Toxicology Program: NTP toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of pyridine (CAS No. 110-86-1) in F344/N rats, Wistar rats, and B6C3F1 mice (drinking water studies). Nat. Toxicol. Program Tech. Rep. Ser. 470: 1-330, 2000.
- Nikula, K.J. and Lewis, J.L.: Olfactory mucosal lesions in F344 rats following inhalation exposure to pyridine at threshold limit value concentrations. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 23(4): 510-517, 1994.
- [No authors listed]: Pyridine. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum. 77: 503-528, 2000. [103 KB, PDF]
- Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Pyridine. In, Sittig’s Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 2. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 1988-1990.
Monitoring Methods used by OSHA
Laboratory Sampling/Analytical Method:
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sampling media: Coconut Shell Charcoal (100/50 mg sections)
analytical solvent: Methylene Chloride
minimum volume: 18 Liters maximum volume: 150 Liters maximum flow rate: 1 L/min
current analytical method: Gas Chromatography; GC/FID
method reference: NIOSH Analytical Method (NIOSH 1613) [22 KB, PDF]
method classification: Fully Validated
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