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Non-Fabrication Processing: Die Attach and Bonding
Non-Fabrication Processing:
Die Attach and Bonding
After
separation into individual dies, the functional devices are attached to a lead frame assembly. Usually the chips are
attached with an epoxy material. Once attached to the lead frame, electrical connections must be provided between
the integrated circuit and assembly leads. This is accomplished by attaching aluminum or gold leads via thermal
compression or ultrasonic welding.
Potential Hazards
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Epoxy Resins |
Potential Hazard
- Possible employee exposure to epoxy resins. Epoxy resins can cause both
dermal and respiratory problems.
Possible Solutions
- Identify epoxy resin hazards and perform appropriate exposure evaluations.
- Perform exposure measurements for the solvents used.
- See 1910.1000, Table
Z-1, which contains permissible exposure limits for various chemicals.
- Address all dermal exposures.
- Provide appropriate ventilation to reduce solvent concentration levels in the air.
- Provide PPE [1910
Subpart I] as appropriate to prevent eye and skin contact.
- Use respiratory protection [1910.134] when necessary to further reduce exposure and protect employees.
Additional Information
OSHA Safety and Health Topic pages:
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Metals |
Potential Hazard
- Possible employee exposure to metal fumes from thermal compression bonding.
Possible Solutions
- Identify metal hazards and perform appropriate exposure
evaluations.
- Perform exposure measurements for the compounds used.
- Keep exposures below acceptable exposure
levels.
- Address all dermal exposures.
- Provide appropriate ventilation to reduce concentration levels in the air.
- Provide PPE [1910 Subpart I]
as appropriate to prevent contact.
- Use respiratory protection [1910.134] when necessary to further reduce exposure and protect employees.
- Maintain adequate housekeeping
to remove unwanted metals and reduce concentration levels.
Additional Information
OSHA Safety and Health Topic pages:
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Noise |
Potential Hazard
- Potential occupational exposure to high noise levels from ultrasonic welding operations.
Noise exposure may lead to occupationally induced hearing loss, hearing impairment, hypertension,
elevated blood pressure levels and other health hazards.
Possible Solutions
- A safety and health program that recognizes and addresses the hazards created
by noise exposure.
- Occupational Noise Exposure Standard [1910.95].
- In addition, an effective hearing conservation program [1910.95(c)(1)],
including specific requirements for monitoring
noise exposure, audiometric
testing, audiogram
evaluation, hearing
protection for employees with a standard threshold shift, training and education, and recordkeeping
must be made available whenever employee exposures equal or exceed an 8-hour TWA sound level of
85 dBA, Occupational Noise Exposure Standard [1910.95].
- Some examples of engineering and work practice controls to help decrease occupational noise
exposure levels are:
- Reduce the amount of sound energy released by the noise source.
- Divert the flow of sound energy away from the worker.
- Protect the receiver from the sound energy reaching him/her.
- Maintenance of equipment properly, or replace equipment.
- Revise operating procedures.
- Redesign equipment and enclosures.
- Use acoustical shields and barriers.
- Wear personal protective equipment.
Additional Information
OSHA Safety and Health Topic page:
Other OSHA material:
- CPL
2-2.35A, Guidelines for Noise Enforcement; Appendix A
- Hearing Conservation. OSHA
Publication 3074, (2002), 32 pages, 160 KB PDF. This informational booklet provides
a generic, non-exhaustive overview of a
hearing conservation related to OSHA standards.
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Microscopes |
Potential Hazard
- Prolonged use of microscopes for inspection can lead to eyestrain and other related
ergonomic problems.
Possible Solutions
- Address ergonomics as part of a safety and health program.
- Use
automated inspection equipment when feasible.
Additional Information
OSHA Safety and Health Topic page:
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