Disclaimer: These guidelines were developed under contract using generally accepted secondary sources. The protocol used by the contractor for surveying these data sources was developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the Department of Energy (DOE). The information contained in these guidelines is intended for reference purposes only. None of the agencies have conducted a comprehensive check of the information and data contained in these sources. It provides a summary of information about chemicals that workers may be exposed to in their workplaces. The secondary sources used for supplements 111 and 1V were published before 1992 and 1993, respectively, and for the remainder of the guidelines the secondary sources used were published before September 1996. This information may be superseded by new developments in the field of industrial hygiene. Therefore readers are advised to determine whether new information is available.

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH GUIDELINE FOR ETHYLAMINE

INTRODUCTION

This guideline summarizes pertinent information about ethylamine for workers and employers as well as for physicians, industrial hygienists, and other occupational safety and health professionals who may need such information to conduct effective occupational safety and health programs. Recommendations may be superseded by new developments in these fields; readers are therefore advised to regard these recommendations as general guidelines and to determine whether new information is available.

SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION

* Formula

C(2)H(7)N

* Structure

(For Structure, see paper copy)

* Synonyms

Ethanamine, aminoethane, monoethylamine, 1-aminoethane, AI3-24228

* Identifiers

1. CAS No.: 75-04-7

2. RTECS No.: KH2100000

3. DOT UN: 1036 68 (gas); 2270 29 (aqueous solution, between 50 and 70 percent)

4. DOT label: Flammable gas (1036); flammable liquid (2270)

* Appearance and odor

Ethylamine is a colorless, flammable liquid or gas with an ammonia-like odor. It has an air odor threshold concentration of 0.95 part per million (ppm) part of air.

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

* Physical data

1. Molecular weight: 45.08

2. Boiling point (at 760 mm Hg): 16.6 degrees C (61.88 degrees F)

3. Specific gravity: 0.68 at 20 degrees C (68 degrees F)

4. Vapor density: 1.55

5. Melting point: -81.1 degrees C (-113.98 degrees F)

6. Vapor pressure at 20 degrees C (68 degrees F): 873 mm Hg

7. Solubility: Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.

8. Evaporation rate: Data not available.

* Reactivity

1. Conditions contributing to instability: Heat or flame.

2. Incompatibilities: Contact between ethylamine and strong acids, oxidizing agents, chlorine, or hypochlorites should be avoided.

3. Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic gases and vapors (such as oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide) may be released in a fire involving ethylamine.

4. Special precautions: None reported.

* Flammability

The National Fire Protection Association has assigned a flammability rating of 4 (extreme fire hazard) to ethylamine.

1. Flash point (aqueous solution): Less than -18 degrees C (0 degrees F) (closed cup)

2. Autoignition temperature (aqueous solution): 385 degrees C (725 degrees F)

3. Flammable limits in air (percent by volume) (aqueous solution): Lower, 3.5; upper, 14.0

4. Extinguishant: Dry chemical or carbon dioxide for fires involving aqueous solutions or the gas. Do not use a solid stream of water because the stream will scatter and spread fire. Water spray may be used to cool containers. If the leak or spill has not ignited, water spray may be used to disperse the vapors, or to protect persons attempting to stop the leak.

Fires involving ethylamine should be fought upwind from the maximum distance possible. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate the hazard area and deny entry. Isolate the area for 1/2 mile in all directions if a tank, rail car, or tank truck is involved in the fire. Emergency personnel should stay out of low areas and ventilate closed spaces before entering. Vapors may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. Vapors are an explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors, or in sewers. Containers of ethylamine may explode in the heat of the fire and should be moved from the fire area if it is possible to do so safely. If this is not possible, cool fire exposed containers from the sides with water until well after the fire is out. Stay away from the ends of containers. Personnel should withdraw immediately if a rising sound from a venting safety device is heard or if there is discoloration of a container due to fire. Firefighters should wear a full set of protective clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving ethylamine.

EXPOSURE LIMITS

* OSHA PEL

The current Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) for ethylamine is 10 parts per million (ppm) parts of air (18 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m(3))) as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) concentration [29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1].

* NIOSH REL

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has established a recommended exposure limit (REL) for ethylamine of 10 ppm (18 mg/m(3)) as a TWA for up to a 10-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek [NIOSH 1992].

* ACGIH TLV

The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has assigned ethylamine a threshold limit value (TLV) of 5 ppm (9.2 mg/m(3)) as a TWA for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek and a short-term exposure limit (STEL) of 15 ppm (27.6 mg/m(3)) for periods not to exceed 15 minutes. Exposures at the STEL concentration should not be repeated more than four times a day and should be separated by intervals of at least 60 minutes. The ACGIH assigns a "Skin" notation, which indicates that the cutaneous route of exposure (including mucous membranes and eyes) contributes to overall exposure [ACGIH 1994, p. 21].

* Rationale for Limits

The NIOSH limit is based on the risk of primary irritation of the mucous membranes, eyes, and skin [NIOSH 1992].

The ACGIH limits are based on the risk of irritation [ACGIH 1991, p. 577].

HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION

* Routes of Exposure

Exposure to ethylamine can occur through inhalation, ingestion, eye or skin contact, and absorption through the skin [Sittig 1991].

* Summary of toxicology

1. Effects on Animals: Ethylamine is an eye, skin, and upper respiratory tract irritant; it also causes kidney, liver, and myocardial damage. The 4-hour LC(50) in rats is 3,000 ppm, and the dermal LD(50) in rabbits is 390 mg/kg [NIOSH 1991]. Rabbits exposed to 100 ppm ethylamine for 7 hours/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks developed corneal and lung irritation and liver and kidney damage. Rabbits exposed to 50 ppm in the same regimen developed corneal injury after 2 weeks of exposure and showed lung irritation and myocardial degeneration at autopsy [ACGIH 1991]. One drop of a 70-percent solution of ethylamine instilled in the eye of rabbits caused damage rated 9 on scale of 10, with 10 denoting the severest injury [Grant 1986]. Intermittent exposure to 50 ppm ethylamine for 10 days caused severe eye irritation in rabbits [NIOSH 1991]. Direct contact of the skin of guinea pigs with a 70-percent aqueous solution caused necrosis and deep scarring [Hathaway et al. 1991].

2. Effects on Humans: Exposure to ethylamine causes eye, skin, and upper respiratory tract irritation in humans. Workers have reported experiencing temporary blue, hazy vision after exposure to ethylamine; this effect is believed to be related to corneal edema [Grant 1986]. Eye irritation and corneal edema have been reported from occupational exposure [NLM 1992]. Direct contact of the eyes or skin with the liquid may cause permanent eye damage and skin burns. Systemic poisoning is manifested as headache, nausea, faintness, and anxiety [Clayton and Clayton 1982]. Inhalation causes respiratory irritation, coughing, and difficulty breathing [Genium 1993].

* Signs and symptoms of exposure

1. Acute exposure: Inhalation exposure to ethylamine may cause eye irritation, tearing, conjunctivitis, and corneal edema. Severe overexposure may cause difficult breathing, pulmonary edema, headache, nausea, and faintness. Contact of the eyes or skin with the liquid causes corneal damage that may be permanent and skin burns. Ingestion causes burning of the mouth and gastrointestinal tract, and may be fatal.

2. Chronic exposure: Chronic exposure to ethylamine may cause damage to the myocardium, liver, and kidneys.

EMERGENCY MEDICAL PROCEDURES

* Emergency medical procedures: [NIOSH to supply]

5. Rescue: Remove an incapacitated worker from further exposure and implement appropriate emergency procedures (e.g., those listed on the Material Safety Data Sheet required by OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard [29 CFR 1910.1200]). All workers should be familiar with emergency procedures, the location and proper use of emergency equipment, and methods of protecting themselves during rescue operations.

EXPOSURE SOURCES AND CONTROL METHODS

The following operations may involve ethylamine and lead to worker exposures to this substance:

* The manufacture and transportation of ethylamine

* Use in synthesis of dimethylolethyltriazone, a wash-and-wear agent for cotton fabrics; of 1,3-diethylthiourea, a corrosion inhibitor; of triazine and other herbicides; of rhodamine dyes; of amides, ethylthiocarbamate; and of alkyl isocyanates to be used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and resins

* Use as a selective solvent in the refining of petroleum, lubricating, and vegetable oils

* Use as a stabilizer for rubber latex; as a condensation aid for ureaformaldehyde and plastic mixtures; and as a deflocculating agent in ceramics production

* Use in manufacture of detergents, pharmaceuticals, and emulsifiers, and in resin chemistry

Methods that are effective in controlling worker exposures to ethylamine, depending on the feasibility of implementation, are as follows:

* Process enclosure

* Local exhaust ventilation

* General dilution ventilation

* Personal protective equipment

Workers responding to a release or potential release of a hazardous substance must be protected as required by paragraph (q) of OSHA's Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard [29 CFR 1910.120].

Good sources of information about control methods are as follows:

1. ACGIH [1992]. Industrial ventilation--a manual of recommended practice. 21st ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

2. Burton DJ [1986]. Industrial ventilation--a self study companion. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

3. Alden JL, Kane JM [1982]. Design of industrial ventilation systems. New York, NY: Industrial Press, Inc.

4. Wadden RA, Scheff PA [1987]. Engineering design for control of workplace hazards. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

5. Plog BA [1988]. Fundamentals of industrial hygiene. Chicago, IL: National Safety Council.

MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE

OSHA is currently developing requirements for medical surveillance. When these requirements are promulgated, readers should refer to them for additional information and to determine whether employers whose employees are exposed to ethylamine are required to implement medical surveillance procedures.

* Medical Screening

Workers who may be exposed to chemical hazards should be monitored in a systematic program of medical surveillance that is intended to prevent occupational injury and disease. The program should include education of employers and workers about work-related hazards, early detection of adverse health effects, and referral of workers for diagnosis and treatment. The occurrence of disease or other work-related adverse health effects should prompt immediate evaluation of primary preventive measures (e.g., industrial hygiene monitoring, engineering controls, and personal protective equipment). A medical surveillance program is intended to supplement, not replace, such measures. To detect and control work-related health effects, medical evaluations should be performed (1) before job placement, (2) periodically during the term of employment, and (3) at the time of job transfer or termination.

* Preplacement medical evaluation

Before a worker is placed in a job with a potential for exposure to ethylamine, a licensed health care professional should evaluate and document the worker's baseline health status with thorough medical, environmental, and occupational histories, a physical examination, and physiologic and laboratory tests appropriate for the anticipated occupational risks. These should concentrate on the function and integrity of the eyes, kidneys, heart, and respiratory system. Medical surveillance for respiratory disease should be conducted using the principles and methods recommended by the American Thoracic Society.

A preplacement medical evaluation is recommended to assess medical conditions that may be aggravated or may result in increased risk when a worker is exposed to ethylamine at or below the prescribed exposure limit. The health care professional should consider the probable frequency, intensity, and duration of exposure as well as the nature and degree of any applicable medical condition. Such conditions (which should not be regarded as absolute contraindications to job placement) include a history and other findings consistent with diseases of the eyes, kidneys, heart, and respiratory system.

* Periodic medical evaluations

Occupational health interviews and physical examinations should be performed at regular intervals during the employment period, as mandated by any applicable Federal, State, or local standard. Where no standard exists and the hazard is minimal, evaluations should be conducted every 3 to 5 years or as frequently as recommended by an experienced occupational health physician. Additional examinations may be necessary if a worker develops symptoms attributable to ethylamine exposure. The interviews, examinations, and medical screening tests should focus on identifying the adverse effects of ethylamine on the eyes, kidneys, heart, and respiratory system. Current health status should be compared with the baseline health status of the individual worker or with expected values for a suitable reference population.

* Termination medical evaluations

The medical, environmental, and occupational history interviews, the physical examination, and selected physiologic or laboratory tests that were conducted at the time of placement should be repeated at the time of job transfer or termination to determine the worker's medical status at the end of his or her employment. Any changes in the worker's health status should be compared with those expected for a suitable reference population. Because occupational exposure to ethylamine may cause diseases with prolonged latent periods, the need for medical surveillance may extend well beyond the termination of employment.

* Biological monitoring

Biological monitoring involves sampling and analyzing body tissues or fluids to provide an index of exposure to a toxic substance or metabolite. No biological monitoring test acceptable for routine use has yet been developed for ethylamine.

WORKPLACE MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT

Determination of a worker's exposure to airborne ethylamine is made using a coated XAD-7 tube (80/40 mg sections, 20/50 mesh); coating is 10 percent NBD-chloride. Samples are collected at a maximum flow rate of 0.2 liter/minute until a maximum collection volume of 10 liters is reached. The sample is then treated with tetrahydrofuran. Analysis is conducted by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC/FLU/VIS). This method (OSHA 36) is fully validated and is described in the OSHA Computerized Information System [OSHA 1994].

PERSONAL HYGIENE PROCEDURES

If ethylamine contacts the skin, workers should flush the affected areas immediately with plenty of water, followed by washing with soap and water.

Clothing contaminated with ethylamine should be removed immediately, and provisions should be made for the safe removal of the chemical from the clothing. Persons laundering the clothes should be informed of the hazardous properties of ethylamine, particularly its potential for causing irritation.

A worker who handles ethylamine should thoroughly wash hands, forearms, and face with soap and water before eating, using tobacco products, using toilet facilities, applying cosmetics, or taking medication.

Workers should not eat, drink, use tobacco products, apply cosmetics, or take medication in areas where ethylamine or a solution containing ethylamine is handled, processed, or stored.

STORAGE

Ethylamine should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area in tightly sealed containers that are labeled in accordance with OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard [29 CFR 1910.1200]. Containers of ethylamine should be protected from physical damage and ignition sources, and should be stored separately from strong acids, oxidizing agents, chlorine, or hypochlorites should be avoided.

SPILLS AND LEAKS

In the event of a spill or leak involving ethylamine, persons not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be restricted from contaminated areas until cleanup has been completed. The following steps should be undertaken following a spill or leak:

1. Notify safety personnel.

2. Remove all sources of heat and ignition.

3. Ventilate potentially explosive atmospheres.

4. Do not touch the spilled material; stop the leak if it is possible to do so without risk.

5. Use non-sparking tools.

6. Water spray may be used to reduce vapors, but the spray may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

7. For small liquid spills, take up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into closed containers for later disposal.

8. For large liquid spills, build dikes far ahead of the spill to contain the ethylamine for later reclamation or disposal.

SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirements for emergency planning, reportable quantities of hazardous releases, community right-to-know, and hazardous waste management may change over time. Users are therefore advised to determine periodically whether new information is available.

* Emergency planning requirements

Ethylamine is not subject to EPA emergency planning requirements under the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) (Title III) in 42 USC 11022.

* Reportable quantity requirements for hazardous releases

A hazardous substance release is defined by EPA as any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment (including the abandonment or discarding of contaminated containers) of hazardous substances. In the event of a release that is above the reportable quantity for that chemical, employers are required to notify the proper Federal, State, and local authorities [40 CFR 355.40].

The reportable quantity of ethylamine is 100 pounds. If an amount equal to or greater than this quantity is released within a 24-hour period in a manner that will expose persons outside the facility, employers are required to do the following: - Notify the National Response Center immediately at (800) 424-8802 or at (202) 426-2675 in Washington, D.C. [40 CFR 302.6].

* Community right-to-know requirements

Employers are not required by EPA in 40 CFR Part 372.30 to submit a Toxic Chemical Release Inventory form (Form R) to EPA reporting the amount of ethylamine emitted or released from their facility annually.

* Hazardous waste management requirements

EPA considers a waste to be hazardous if it exhibits any of the following characteristics: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity as defined in 40 CFR 261.21-261.24. Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) [40 USC 6901 et seq.], EPA has specifically listed many chemical wastes as hazardous. Although ethylamine is not specifically listed as a hazardous waste under RCRA, EPA requires employers to treat waste as hazardous if it exhibits any of the characteristics discussed above.

Providing detailed information about the removal and disposal of specific chemicals is beyond the scope of this guideline. The U.S. Department of Transportation, EPA, and State and local regulations should be followed to ensure that removal, transport, and disposal of this substance are conducted in accordance with existing regulations. To be certain that chemical waste disposal meets EPA regulatory requirements, employers should address any questions to the RCRA hotline at (703) 412-9810 (in the Washington, D.C. area) or toll-free at (800) 424-9346 (outside Washington, D.C.). In addition, relevant State and local authorities should be contacted for information on any requirements they may have for the waste removal and disposal of this substance.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

* Conditions for respirator use

Good industrial hygiene practice requires that engineering controls be used where feasible to reduce workplace concentrations of hazardous materials to the prescribed exposure limit. However, some situations may require the use of respirators to control exposure. Respirators must be worn if the ambient concentration of ethylamine exceeds prescribed exposure limits. Respirators may be used (1) before engineering controls have been installed, (2) during work operations such as maintenance or repair activities that involve unknown exposures, (3) during operations that require entry into tanks or closed vessels, and (4) during emergencies. Workers should only use respirators that have been approved by NIOSH and the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA).

* Respiratory protection program

Employers should institute a complete respiratory protection program that, at a minimum, complies with the requirements of OSHA's Respiratory Protection Standard [29 CFR 1910.134]. Such a program must include respirator selection, an evaluation of the worker's ability to perform the work while wearing a respirator, the regular training of personnel, respirator fit testing, periodic workplace monitoring, and regular respirator maintenance, inspection, and cleaning. The implementation of an adequate respiratory protection program (including selection of the correct respirator) requires that a knowledgeable person be in charge of the program and that the program be evaluated regularly. For additional information on the selection and use of respirators and on the medical screening of respirator users, consult the latest edition of the NIOSH Respirator Decision Logic [NIOSH 1987b] and the NIOSH Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection [NIOSH 1987a].

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Workers should use appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment that must be carefully selected, used, and maintained to be effective in preventing skin contact with ethylamine. The selection of the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) (e.g., gloves, sleeves, encapsulating suits) should be based on the extent of the worker's potential exposure to ethylamine. The resistance of various materials to permeation by ethylamine is shown below:

(*) Not recommended, degradation may occur

To evaluate the use of these PPE materials with ethylamine, users should consult the best available performance data and manufacturers' recommendations. Significant differences have been demonstrated in the chemical resistance of generically similar PPE materials (e.g., butyl) produced by different manufacturers. In addition, the chemical resistance of a mixture may be significantly different from that of any of its neat components.

Any chemical-resistant clothing that is used should be periodically evaluated to determine its effectiveness in preventing dermal contact. Safety showers and eye wash stations should be located close to operations that involve ethylamine.

Splash-proof chemical safety goggles or face shields (20 to 30 cm long, minimum) should be worn during any operation in which a solvent, caustic, or other toxic substance may be splashed into the eyes.

In addition to the possible need for wearing protective outer apparel (e.g., aprons, encapsulating suits), workers should wear work uniforms, coveralls, or similar full-body coverings that are laundered each day. Employers should provide lockers or other closed areas to store work and street clothing separately. Employers should collect work clothing at the end of each work shift and provide for its laundering. Laundry personnel should be informed about the potential hazards of handling contaminated clothing and instructed about measures to minimize their health risk.

Protective clothing should be kept free of oil and grease and should be inspected and maintained regularly to preserve its effectiveness.

Protective clothing may interfere with the body's heat dissipation, especially during hot weather or during work in hot or poorly ventilated work environments.

REFERENCES

ACGIH [1991]. Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

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ATS [1987]. Standardization of spirometry -- 1987 update. American Thoracic Society. Am Rev Respir Dis 136:1285-1296.

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NIOSH [1991]. Registry of toxic effects of chemical substances: Ethylamine. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Standards Development and Technology Transfer, Technical Information Branch.

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