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Bibliography
SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM REFERENCES - AN ANNOTATED
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DISCLAIMER: The materials listed in this section are
offered as examples of articles that are available relating to safety and health programs. The
Occupational Safety and Health Administration does not control nor is it responsible for the
accuracy, relevance, timeliness, or completeness of any of the listed materials. The inclusion
of any item is not intended to reflect its importance nor to endorse any views expressed or
products or services offered by the author, the referenced material, or the organization
producing the material.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration,
Safety and Health Program Management Guidelines; Issuance of Voluntary Guidelines; Notice.
Federal Register Vol. 54, No. 16, Jan. 26, 1989, pp. 3904-3916.
This federal register notice publishes voluntary
guidelines that outline what OSHA believes to represent the contents and framework for safety
and health program excellence. The guidelines stem from OSHA's experience in evaluating
worksites through its state run consultation projects and Voluntary Protection Program. The
guidelines outline a management system to identify and control hazards on a proactive basis
using four major program elements, management leadership and employee involvement, worksite
analysis, hazard prevention and control, and safety and health training.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Managing Worker Safety and Health.
Office of Cooperative Programs, in press.
A manual designed to explain OSHA's Voluntary Safety
and Health Guidelines, what they mean and how to implement each of the program elements into a
program appropriate for any size worksite.
LaBar, G.,
Making Safety Pay.
Occup. Hazards. June 1994, pp 33-36.
The author reports on interviews held with safety
managers from a variety of different American corporations on how they measure their impact,
cost savings, and what the major motivators are for upper management. All interviewed discuss
from their perspective how safety pays dividends to the companies bottom line, both in terms
of direct and indirect costs.
Curtis, S.L.,
Safety and Total Quality Management.
Professional Safety. Jan. 1995, pp.18-20.
For years progressive companies have used TQM
principals to increase workforce productivity and product quality control while reducing
production costs. The author explains how TQM principals also apply to safety and loss
control. He uses several examples to illustrate that accidents are unwanted variations and
through the use of employee involvement, the root cause to the problems can be identified and
corrected. Based on the employee involvement realistic solutions are found while giving
employees ownership into the solutions.
Sommerkamp, J.,
The Deming Approach to Construction Safety Management.
Professional Safety. Dec. 1994, pp. 35-37.
The author reviews some of Dr. Demings principals and
illustrates their applicability to construction safety management. Specifically he illustrates
system thinking, moving toward quality, the concept of variation, the theory of knowledge and,
psychology.
McClay, C.J.,
Achieving Breakthroughs in Safety Via Employee Empowerment.
Professional Safety. Dec. 1995, pp. 44-47.
The author explains how traditional safety has not
worked very well and that it is time for change. Through empowering employees to get involved
in identifying and controlling hazards, a manager can best utilize the resources available
while getting employees, the group who has the greatest to gain from safety actively involved
in changing the workplace and the organizations culture. Several success stories are provided
to illustrate approaches that can be implemented.
Zahlis, D.F.,
Caution Beware of OSHA Statistics.
Professional Safety. Dec. 1995, pp. 41-43.
The author examines the misuse of injury
rates/statistics and incentives. Many companies spend a great deal of manpower managing injury
rates rather than root cause prevention. They frequently tie incentives and rewards around the
nonoccurrence of accidents. This only promotes an environment not to report incidents. By
managing unsafe behaviors, near-misses, minor incidents, etc., a proactive approach can be
taken to avoid accidents prior to their occurrence rather than a reactive approach to
incidences.
Hidley, J.H. and T.R. Krause,
Behavior-Based Safety: Paradigm Shift Beyond the Failures of Attitude-Based Programs.
Professional Safety. Oct. 1994, pp. 28-32.
After explaining why the old (traditional) approach to
safety is not particularly effective, the authors present a different approach based on human
behavior. An explanation of what a behavior-based safety approach is and is not, is presented.
A system based on defining critical at-risk behaviors, systematically observing those
behaviors, charting the data gathered, involving employees in collecting the data and problem
solving and, providing feedback, is presented.
Geller, S.E.,
Behavioral Safety: Key to Achieving a Total Safety Culture.
Professional Safety. July 1995, pp. 16-22.
An approach (coaching) to behavior observation and
feed back is presented. The author explains how being a safety coach should be viewed not as
a way to catch employees making errors; rather coaching should be perceived as a process
designed to help employees develop safe work habits. Safety coaching is a strategy which
treats safety as an achievement-oriented, not failure-oriented process that is fact-finding,
not fault-finding, and proactive not reactive.
Geller, S.E.,
Ten Principles for Achieving a Total Safety Culture.
Professional Safety. Sept. 1994, pp. 18-24.
The author defines a total safety culture, TSC, as:
A... everyone feels responsible for safety and pursues it on a daily basis; employees go
beyond the call of duty to identify unsafe conditions and behaviors, and intervene to correct them. In a TSC,
safe work practices are supported via rewarding feedback from peers and managers; people
actively care on a continuous basis for safety. In a TSC, safety is not a priority that can be
shifted depending on situational demands; rather, safety is a value linked with all other
situational priorities. A process that can be used to achieve a total safety culture is
presented.
Topf, M.D. and R.A. Petrino,
Change in Attitude Fosters Responsibility for Safety.
Professional Safety. Dec. 1995, pp.24-27.
The authors recommend that employees must experience
attitudinal changes and a strong sense of personal accountability for safety in order to
progress beyond traditional programs. He describes a system where operating principals,
beliefs and values are the foundation for behavior. Understanding these principals allows one
to effectively implement a behavior-based safety program.
Marcombe, J.T., T.R. Krause, and R.M. Finley,
Behaviour-Based Safety at Monsanto's Pensacola Plant.
The Chemical Engineer. Apr. 29 1993, pp. 15-17.
After explaining what a behavior-based safety approach
is, the authors describe how a behavior-based safety program was implemented at Monsanto's
Pensacola plant. After an initial behavior analysis was performed on past accidents at the
plant, it was found that 59% of all accidents fell into 1 of 4 behavior categories (checking
equipment, tools, and work area before starting work; use of PPE; use of proper body position;
and line of fire). By addressing these critical behaviors through training and getting
buy-in from affected departments a culture change occurred. In the first 2 years the plant
realized a 75% reduction in accidents. Through a continuous process improvement process the
plant 10 years later has experienced a sustained decrease in reportable accidents. Currently a
number of work units have a 1.5-4 year accident free record.
Dawson, L.H.,
Basic OSHA-Proofing: Implementing the OSHA Safety and Health Program Management Guidelines.
Professional Safety. Oct. 1995, pp. 30-35.
The author explains that the magic pill that managers
are looking for to OSHA-Proof their worksite exists. It is the OSHA Safety and Health
Program Management Guidelines. After providing an explanation of how the major program
elements (management commitment, employee involvement, worksite analysis, hazard prevention
and control, and training) are good examples of management excellence, the author provides a
system for measuring the strengths and weaknesses of the organizations safety culture in
relation to the guidelines. Once weakness are identified interventions can be implemented.
Using the first survey as a baseline, subsequent improvements can be measured through
re-administering the survey.
Simon, R.A. and S.I. Simon,
Redesigning the Safety, Health & Environmental Function for the Year 2000.
Professional Safety, Mar. 1995, pp. 26-31.
The authors explain why it is time that most safety,
health & environmental functions are in need for change, i.e., economics, community
activism, workplace dynamics, customer expectations, technology, globalism. They present a
framework to systematically redesign the SH&E function using a open system model for
organizational design, a four step change process, the role of organizational culture in
change, case studies, and implications of systems thinking for redesigning the SH&E
function.
Kozak, B., and R. Clements,
Build Safety into Your ISO 9000 Program.
Professional Safety, Sept. 1995, pp. 31-32.
The authors explain how a proactive safety program can
be integrated into any existing ISO 9000-based system of policies, procedures and work
instructions. ISO 9001 provides guidelines for applying the ISO 9000 standards. An explanation
of specific safety functions that can be performed and or structured for each of the 20 ISO
program requirements is provided.
Nestel, G. And J. DelRossi,
ISO 14000: Good Business Sense - Even for Smaller Firms.
Environ. Protection, Aug. 1995, pp. 37-38.
ISO has had great success with their ISO 9000
standards, a set of internationally recognized standards for quality management. ISO 14000
standards, designed to define environmental excellence, are currently under development and,
are expected to be internationally ratified in 1996. ISO 14000 consists of 6 elements,
environmental management systems, environmental auditing, environmental performance systems, life cycle
assessment, environmental labeling and product standards.
Dracca, R.A. and J.M. Levin,
Knowledge and Timing - Keys to Managing Workers' Compensation Costs.
Professional Safety, Dec. 1995, pp.33-36.
The authors explain how the timeliness in addressing a
WC claim is a key aspect of controlling costs. The entire course of the claim is usually
determined within the first 5 days following injury. Actions taken during this time period
determine whether a claim that warrants only medical attention remains medical only or grows
into something greater and more expensive. Cost effective solutions are provided in addition
to several case studies.
Jorgensen Jr., Ernest B.,
Safety & Health Auditing: A Misunderstood Process.
Professional Safety, Apr. 1998, pp.29-31.
Discusses the procedures in performing an audit of a
safety and health program and the audit report. Audit should help shift activities from
reactive to proactive and concentrate on those areas where noncompliance has serious
consequences. Audit should be a verification of planned arrangements with numerical
measurements. Presents a table of typical audit items as presented in ANSI A10.39-1996. For
cases involving critical issues of compliance, suggests it may be appropriate to institute
system safety requirements similar to MIL-STD-882C (Risk Assessment).
Krause, Thomas R.,
Safety Incentives from a Behavioral Perspective: Presenting a Balance Sheet.
Professional Safety, Aug. 1998, pp. 24-28.
Discusses four factors used to evaluate safety
incentive models: safety message, feedback, pride of performance, and injury reporting.
Traditional incentive programs based on rates, behavior modification programs to increase
participation in safety activities, and behavior-based safety using observations and feedback
were all evaluated on these factors. According to the author, behavior-based safety showed the
best results of these four evaluation criteria.
Speir, Richard O.,
Punishment in Accident Investigation.
Professional Safety, Aug. 1998, pp. 29-31.
The author expresses the opinion that punishment
should never be inflicted as a result of an accident investigation and that accidents are
symptoms of problems within an organization. Many more productive avenues exist to address
accident causes.
Manuele, Fred A.,
Observations of ASSE's Behavioral Safety Symposium.
Professional Safety, Aug. 1998, pp.32-37.
Presents a record of the author's observations at the
Feb. 26-27, 1998, ASSE's Behavior Safety Symposium. Discusses the two approaches to behavioral
safety: a culture-change model and a worker-focused behavior modification model. Presents
excerpts from authors embracing the different models. Discusses the importance of behavioral
safety accountability from top management on down to the bottom line workers. Worker-focused
model generally requires identification of root-causal factors (antecedents) to determine
behavior observations/direction. For systemic causal factors, engineering and work method
revisions must be first considerations. No single behavioral-based safety approach fits all
situations.
Goldberg, Allan T.,
How Many Stitches are Boots Worth? The True Effect of Safety Incentive Programs.
Professional Safety, Jul. 1998, pp. 37-38.
Discusses the traditional safety incentive program and
the adverse effects it can have on reporting of accidents. An example is presented and
possible solutions are discussed. The solutions involve rewarding people for their
involvement in activities which results in increase safety in the workplace as opposed to
rewarding people for a decrease in accident rates, the later can result in under reporting of
injuries.
Petersen, Dan,
What Measures should be use, and why? Measuring Safety System Effectiveness.
Professional Safety, Oct. 1998, pp. 37-40.
Discusses what the literature suggests on measures for
safety performance. Concludes with four recommendations: 1) Quit using accident-based
measurements, 2) Use audit results only when sure correlation exists between the audit and
safety results over time and large numbers, 3) Use properly constructed perception survey as
primary measure and diagnostic tool, 4) Use behavior sampling and activity goals as the
primary motivational measurement tool.
Magyar Jr., Stephen V.,
Medical Claim Management: An Effective Return-To-Work Program.
Professional Safety, Dec. 1997, pp. 33-36.
The article presents a return-to-work program and
briefly discusses the benefits of such a program. Provides elements of medical management
programs such as a fitness to work program, a light-duty program, and a prioritized job
placement program based on medical abilities and restrictions.
Geller, E. Scott,
Key Processes for Continuous Safety Improvement, Behavior-Based Recognition and Celebration.
Professional Safety, Oct. 1997, pp. 40-44.
The article presents specific procedures for giving
effective recognition to employees and receiving recognition. Discusses when celebrations
should be provided and specific procedures for managing effective celebrations.
Petersen, Dan,
Accountability, Culture & Behavior.
Professional Safety, Oct. 1997, p. 45.
Achievement of excellence in safety is dependent on
three ideals: establishing proper behaviors, creating the right culture, and implementing
management accountability. The driving force to safety excellence is ACBE, Accountability
builds Culture, which gets Behaviors resulting in Excellence.
Thomen, James R.,
Root Cause: Holy Grail or Fatal Trap?
Professional Safety, Sep. 1996, pp. 31-32.
The article discusses managements role in root-cause
analysis and how such investigations can be enhanced. Concludes that effective changes in
management behavior that support employee safety should be the true
goal of injury investigations.
Gregory, E. D.,
Building an Environment that Promotes Safe Behavior.
Professional Safety. October 1996,
pp. 20-27.
This article explains how to establish or correct the
management system so that the work environment motivates safe behavior. Changing the work
environment, not forcing employees to fit into a poorly managed system, is the focus. The
author describes processes that promote safe behavior, including 1) building a climate of
involvement, 2) measuring and providing feedback on performance, 3) proposing safety rules in
a positive manner, 4) ensuring that consequences do not encourage unsafe behavior, 5)
demonstrating that risk-taking is unacceptable, 6) responding promptly to safety concerns, and
7) engineering the job to prevent unsafe behavior and to encourage safe behavior.
Krause, T.R., McCorquodale, R. J.,
Transitioning Away from Safety Incentive Programs.
Professional Safety. March 1996, pp. 32-36.
Some incentive programs may, in fact, impair workforce
safety performance via numerous unintended negative consequences such as under reporting of
injuries. The first part of this article provides some background on the traditional role of
incentive programs. Next, it reviews the scientific explanation for their ineffectiveness.
Finally, it details the benefits that can be achieved from transitioning away from traditional
safety incentives.
Nwaelele, O.D.,
Prudent Owners Take Proactive Approach.
Professional Safety. April 1996, pp. 27-29.
Downsizing often encourages contractors to view safety
as an unnecessary overhead cost. The author states that with true management commitment to
safety, owners and contractors can implement effective construction safety programs which
supports the organization. An integrated project management approach minimizes liabilities
while helping firms reap the benefits of reduced accidents, lower insurance premiums, improved
employee morale, better quality, and productivity, and increased profits.
Blair, E.H.,
Achieving a Total Safety Paradigm Through Authentic Caring and Quality.
Professional Safety. May 1996, pp. 24-27.
Most experts agree that applying TQM to the area of
occupational safety produces positive benefits. TQM is engendered via employee involvement and
empowerment, and it provides a realistic vehicle for a caring environment. A caring attitude
and quality involve practice of active listening, encouraging self-efficacy, removing
barriers, and safety coaching. A total safety paradigm that incorporates authentic caring and
quality is not achieved via complex, technical methods. Rather, the human element is the
focus. This author discusses how an organization that commits to authentic caring will
experience a better work atmosphere, increased productivity, and enhanced safety performance
at all levels.
Graham, R.E.,
Return to Work, Preliminary Analysis of an Ethnographic Study.
Professional Safety. January 1997, pp. 33-35.
The author investigates strategies to assist in
returning an injured worker to normal productivity following a serious workplace injury. This
study suggests that workers avoid tasks associated with their injuries and develop copying
strategies in order to perform these tasks again. Injured workers also say they are more
conscious of what can go wrong and will ensure that they are never involved in a similar
accident.
Bradford, D.M., Ryan, R.F.,
Behind the Mirror of Safety.
Professional Safety. December 1996, pp. 34-36.
This article looks at ten common safety myths
including 1) Safety is zero accidents and injuries, or 2) Correcting unsafe conditions will
eliminate injuries, or 3) If you create enough rules, policies, and procedures, people won't
get hurt. The author suggests that there are behavioral based perspectives which help safety
professionals to replace these myths with 10 safety truths. Framing a safety program based on
reality vs. myths can free the company to achieve a powerful new future.
Smith, T.A.,
What's Wrong with Safety Incentives?
Professional Safety. May 1997, p. 44.
This author feels that incentives, as a management
tool, do not cause long-term improvement in safety - and may, in the short run, backfire. A
number of examples of what is wrong with incentive programs is discussed. Alternatives to
incentives, such as treating employees with respect and dignity, and demonstrating how much
management truly cares about safety results in superior safety performance long after reward
money has been spent or company jackets have worn out. This article stresses that business is
moving toward a management model of greater individual freedom and decentralized control. To
succeed, safety must adopt a similar approach.
Simon, R.A.,
The Trust Factor in Safety Performance.
Professional Safety, October, 1996, pp. 28-33.
Trust is a core issue for business and plays an
important role in reducing accidents and overall work comp costs. This author models
procedures and activities to assist the process of recovery of trust and true communication
within an organization. By developing trust and communication, safety technology can be more
effective. Also, when trust and communication exist within an organization, changes in
procedures or work environment are more easily handled.
Geller, E. S.,
The Truth About Safety Incentives.
Professional Safety, October, 1996, pp. 34-39.
This author feels that safety incentives do reduce
injuries when used correctly. Used incorrectly, however, they can do more harm than good. In
order to help practitioners make more informed decisions about how to use safety incentives
effectively, this article reports basic principals of human motivation as they relate to the
use of safety incentives. A discussion of the power of consequences, and seven basic
guidelines to be followed in order to establish an effective safety incentive/reward program
are described.
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